<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546</id><updated>2012-02-16T21:23:26.179-05:00</updated><title type='text'>PATOLOGIA CLINICA VETERINARIA</title><subtitle type='html'>Temas y Materiales para la clase de Patología Clínica Veterinaria, Fundación Universidad San Martín, Armenia, Colombia.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>53</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-6831870891212882749</id><published>2011-02-01T19:32:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2011-02-01T19:32:45.992-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Clase 1 depatologia clinica Febrero 2011</title><content type='html'>Check out this SlideShare Presentation: &lt;div style="width:425px" id="__ss_6780954"&gt;&lt;strong style="display:block;margin:12px 0 4px"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/clase-1-de-laboratorio" title="Clase 1 de laboratorio"&gt;Clase 1 de laboratorio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;object id="__sse6780954" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=clase1delaboratorio-110201181657-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=clase-1-de-laboratorio&amp;userName=doctorapaulina" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/&gt;&lt;embed name="__sse6780954" src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=clase1delaboratorio-110201181657-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=clase-1-de-laboratorio&amp;userName=doctorapaulina" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div style="padding:5px 0 12px"&gt;View more &lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/"&gt;presentations&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina"&gt;Paulina Alvarez&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-6831870891212882749?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/6831870891212882749/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=6831870891212882749' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6831870891212882749'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6831870891212882749'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2011/02/clase-1-depatologia-clinica-febrero.html' title='Clase 1 depatologia clinica Febrero 2011'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-4073013260794713475</id><published>2010-07-27T22:27:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-07-27T19:33:16.955-05:00</updated><title type='text'>TEXTO GUIA DE HEMATOLOGIA</title><content type='html'>El texto de el dr. REBAR es muy didactico. Les doy el &lt;a href="http://issuu.com/franciscoparis/docs/hemograma_parte_1"&gt;link.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-4073013260794713475?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/4073013260794713475/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=4073013260794713475' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4073013260794713475'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4073013260794713475'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/02/texto-guia-de-hematologia.html' title='TEXTO GUIA DE HEMATOLOGIA'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-7419796425051126922</id><published>2010-07-27T19:36:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-07-27T19:38:48.166-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Hematologia Basica</title><content type='html'>Check out this SlideShare Presentation: &lt;div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_542745"&gt;&lt;a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/clase2-542745?type=presentation" title="Hematologia Basica"&gt;Hematologia Basica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=clase2-1217963078471773-9&amp;amp;stripped_title=clase2-542745"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=clase2-1217963078471773-9&amp;amp;stripped_title=clase2-542745" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;"&gt;View more &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/"&gt;presentations&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina"&gt;Paulina Alvarez&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-7419796425051126922?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/7419796425051126922/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=7419796425051126922' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7419796425051126922'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7419796425051126922'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/02/hematologia-basica.html' title='Hematologia Basica'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-5642921838146164107</id><published>2010-07-27T17:00:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-07-27T19:43:03.746-05:00</updated><title type='text'>primera clase</title><content type='html'>Presentación para la clase y tarea al final.&lt;div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_1801529"&gt;&lt;a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/primera-clase-ag309" title="primera clase, ag/3/09"&gt;primera clase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=clase1-090802165656-phpapp01&amp;amp;stripped_title=primera-clase-ag309"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=clase1-090802165656-phpapp01&amp;amp;stripped_title=primera-clase-ag309" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;"&gt;View more &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/"&gt;presentations&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina"&gt;Paulina Alvarez&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-5642921838146164107?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/5642921838146164107/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=5642921838146164107' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/5642921838146164107'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/5642921838146164107'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/08/primera-clase-ag309.html' title='primera clase'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-6694804925186724917</id><published>2010-07-25T19:36:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-07-27T19:35:36.089-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Introduccion A Urinanalisis</title><content type='html'>Check out this SlideShare Presentation: &lt;div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_660175"&gt;&lt;a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/introduccion-a-urinanalisis-presentation?type=powerpoint" title="Introduccion A Urinanalisis"&gt;Introduccion A Urinanalisis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=introduccion-a-urinanalisis-1224083597686695-8&amp;amp;stripped_title=introduccion-a-urinanalisis-presentation"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=introduccion-a-urinanalisis-1224083597686695-8&amp;amp;stripped_title=introduccion-a-urinanalisis-presentation" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;"&gt;View more &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/"&gt;presentations&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina"&gt;Paulina Alvarez&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-6694804925186724917?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/6694804925186724917/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=6694804925186724917' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6694804925186724917'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6694804925186724917'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/02/introduccion-urinanalisis.html' title='Introduccion A Urinanalisis'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-6307896352954637495</id><published>2010-06-20T22:22:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-07-27T19:41:02.763-05:00</updated><title type='text'>guia para toma de muestras de oido.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.google.com/s2/sharing/resources/static/images/quot.png?hl=es" alt="" /&gt; muestras de oido - doctorapaulina&lt;br /&gt;&lt;label style="color: #676;"&gt;Te lo ha enviado doctorapaulina mediante el botón para compartir de Google.&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;hr style="noshade; size: 1px; width: 100%; align: left; padding: 0px 3px;"&gt; &lt;table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="5"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="90"&gt;&lt;a style="color: #77c;" id="image" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8025348481657960433&amp;amp;hl=es"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/b1_D7Ifxd_E/2.jpg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="color: #999; padding: 0 0 15px 0;"&gt;&lt;a style="color: #77c;" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8025348481657960433&amp;amp;hl=es"&gt;Diagnostico citologico en Veterinaria, www.consultavet.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div id="description"&gt;Guia para toma de muestras de oido.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;hr style="noshade; size: 1px; width: 100%; align: left; padding: 0px 3px;"&gt; &lt;div style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Algunas sugerencias sobre lo que puedes hacer ahora:&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;a style="color: #77c;" href="http://www.google.com/s2/sharing/stuff?user=105572866003603468982"&gt;Ver todo lo que doctorapaulina ha compartido públicamente&lt;/a&gt; &lt;label style="color: #676;"&gt;&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;a style="color: #77c;" href="http://www.google.com/s2/sharing/stuff"&gt;Observa todo el material compartido por tus conocidos&lt;/a&gt; &lt;label style="color: #676;"&gt;&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a style="color: #77c;" href="http://www.google.com/s2/sharing/resources/static/html/help.html"&gt;Más información sobre el botón para compartir de Google&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-6307896352954637495?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/6307896352954637495/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=6307896352954637495' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6307896352954637495'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6307896352954637495'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/07/doctorapaulinacimevcom-shared-this-with.html' title='guia para toma de muestras de oido.'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-1568565788787462129</id><published>2010-05-23T19:51:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-05-23T19:52:53.432-05:00</updated><title type='text'>atlas de parasitos pequeños animales</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-1568565788787462129?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/1568565788787462129/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=1568565788787462129' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1568565788787462129'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1568565788787462129'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2010/05/atlas-de-parasitos-pequenos-animales.html' title='atlas de parasitos pequeños animales'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-4597557496660485663</id><published>2010-05-23T19:50:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-05-23T19:50:51.813-05:00</updated><title type='text'>algo sobre coprologia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-4597557496660485663?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/4597557496660485663/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=4597557496660485663' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' 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type='text'>Efusiones</title><content type='html'>Check out this SlideShare Presentation: &lt;div style="width:425px" id="__ss_4090037"&gt;&lt;strong style="display:block;margin:12px 0 4px"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/efusiones" title="Efusiones"&gt;Efusiones&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;object id="__sse4090037" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=efusiones-100513200525-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=efusiones" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/&gt;&lt;embed name="__sse4090037" src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=efusiones-100513200525-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=efusiones" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div style="padding:5px 0 12px"&gt;View more &lt;a 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href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2074090509844804565'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2010/05/efusiones.html' title='Efusiones'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-1908814391226803116</id><published>2010-05-13T19:37:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-05-13T19:37:54.938-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Dermatologia</title><content type='html'>Check out this SlideShare Presentation: &lt;div style="width:425px" id="__ss_1199475"&gt;&lt;strong style="display:block;margin:12px 0 4px"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/dermatologia" title="Dermatologia"&gt;Dermatologia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;object id="__sse1199475" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=dermatologia-090325222702-phpapp01&amp;stripped_title=dermatologia" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/&gt;&lt;embed name="__sse1199475" src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=dermatologia-090325222702-phpapp01&amp;stripped_title=dermatologia" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div style="padding:5px 0 12px"&gt;View more &lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/"&gt;presentations&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina"&gt;CIMEV&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-1908814391226803116?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/1908814391226803116/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=1908814391226803116' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1908814391226803116'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1908814391226803116'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2010/05/dermatologia.html' title='Dermatologia'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-1690013471437410719</id><published>2010-05-13T19:33:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-05-13T19:33:57.758-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Citologia General Veterinaria</title><content type='html'>Check out this SlideShare Presentation: &lt;div style="width:425px" id="__ss_1166183"&gt;&lt;strong style="display:block;margin:12px 0 4px"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/citologia-general-veterinaria" title="Citologia General Veterinaria"&gt;Citologia General Veterinaria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;object id="__sse1166183" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=citologiageneral-090318223130-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=citologia-general-veterinaria" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/&gt;&lt;embed name="__sse1166183" src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=citologiageneral-090318223130-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=citologia-general-veterinaria" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div style="padding:5px 0 12px"&gt;View more &lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/"&gt;presentations&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina"&gt;CIMEV&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-1690013471437410719?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/1690013471437410719/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=1690013471437410719' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1690013471437410719'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1690013471437410719'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2010/05/citologia-general-veterinaria.html' title='Citologia General Veterinaria'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-954899319438005683</id><published>2010-03-07T17:19:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-07-27T19:55:32.757-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Principios de Bioquimica clinica.</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mevepa.cl/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=704"&gt;http://www.mevepa.cl/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=704&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://132.248.62.51/sv/sv/2004/agosto/ave200408a2.html"&gt;http://132.248.62.51/sv/sv/2004/agosto/ave200408a2.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-954899319438005683?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/954899319438005683/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=954899319438005683' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/954899319438005683'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/954899319438005683'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2010/03/principios-de-bioquimica-clinica.html' title='Principios de Bioquimica clinica.'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-7912540228603182426</id><published>2010-03-03T22:11:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-03-03T17:14:12.502-05:00</updated><title type='text'>enfermedad renal en el equino</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.monografiasveterinaria.uchile.cl/CDA/mon_vet_articulo/0,1412,SCID%253D8564%2526ISID%253D435%2526PRT%253D0,00.html"&gt;http://www.monografiasveterinaria.uchile.cl/CDA/mon_vet_articulo/0,1412,SCID%253D8564%2526ISID%253D435%2526PRT%253D0,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' 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Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-2367623123417853023</id><published>2010-03-02T21:59:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-03-02T20:18:49.829-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Opinion personal sobre urianalisis</title><content type='html'>En este &lt;a href="http://quimicaclinicauv.blogspot.com/2008/07/urianlisis-en-veterinaria.html"&gt;blog&lt;/a&gt; de un amigo personal, el dr. Juan Berardo Rosales Raya, Mexicano, copartí el honor de estudiar con el la espcializacion, y aprender mas de el que de nadie, les mando un articulo.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-2367623123417853023?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/2367623123417853023/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=2367623123417853023' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2367623123417853023'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2367623123417853023'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/10/opinion-personal-sobre-urianalisis.html' title='Opinion personal sobre urianalisis'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-2618778637884946012</id><published>2009-09-14T21:11:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.906-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Quimica Clinica</title><content type='html'>Check out this SlideShare Presentation: &lt;div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_714569"&gt;&lt;a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/quimica-clinica-presentation" title="Quimica Clinica"&gt;Quimica Clinica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=quimica-clinica-1225651261220946-9&amp;stripped_title=quimica-clinica-presentation" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/&gt;&lt;embed src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=quimica-clinica-1225651261220946-9&amp;stripped_title=quimica-clinica-presentation" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;"&gt;View more &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/"&gt;documents&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina"&gt;Paulina Alvarez&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-2618778637884946012?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/2618778637884946012/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=2618778637884946012' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2618778637884946012'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2618778637884946012'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/09/quimica-clinica.html' title='Quimica Clinica'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-161201134999403289</id><published>2009-09-08T20:33:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.908-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Coagulacion y hemostasia</title><content type='html'>Clase del Viernes 4 de Septiembre&lt;div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_739970"&gt;&lt;a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/coagulacion-presentation" title="Coagulacion"&gt;Coagulacion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=coagulacion-1226361794559142-9&amp;stripped_title=coagulacion-presentation" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/&gt;&lt;embed src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=coagulacion-1226361794559142-9&amp;stripped_title=coagulacion-presentation" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;"&gt;View more &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/"&gt;presentations&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina"&gt;Paulina Alvarez&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-161201134999403289?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/161201134999403289/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=161201134999403289' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/161201134999403289'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/161201134999403289'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/09/coagulacion.html' title='Coagulacion y hemostasia'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-4509533714709761836</id><published>2009-09-02T21:28:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:09.969-05:00</updated><title type='text'>proteinas plasmaticas</title><content type='html'>Clase de miercoles 2 de septiempre de 2009&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-4509533714709761836?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/4509533714709761836/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=4509533714709761836' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4509533714709761836'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4509533714709761836'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/09/proteinas-plasmaticas.html' title='proteinas plasmaticas'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-4446670134750697912</id><published>2009-08-21T17:28:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2009-08-21T18:33:24.778-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Como aprovechar un hemograma</title><content type='html'>Cómo aprovechar al máximo un hemograma &lt;br /&gt; respecto de los glóbulos blancos, "siempre deben hacerse los recuentos absolutos, es &lt;br /&gt;decir la cantidad total de glóbulos blancos, tanto sea por litro como por microlitro. Los porcentajes no tienen importancia, &lt;br /&gt;la interpretación sólo es posible con el recuento absoluto". En cuanto a los valores de referencia, recomendó seguir los de &lt;br /&gt;cada laboratorio. Rebar contó que para el recuento de glóbulos blancos se guía con entre 6.000 a 17.000 para el perro y &lt;br /&gt;entre 6.000 y 18.000 para el gato. &lt;br /&gt;En segundo término, el especialista planteó seis preguntas que él mismo se formula cada vez que recibe los resultados &lt;br /&gt;de un hemograma, como una guía para su trabajo. Esas preguntas son: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; 1- ¿Hay evidencia de inflamación? &lt;br /&gt; 2- ¿Hay evidencia de stress? &lt;br /&gt; 3- ¿Hay evidencia de necrosis tisular? &lt;br /&gt; 4- ¿Hay evidencia de hipersensibilidad sistémica (reacciones alérgicas)? &lt;br /&gt; 5- Si hay inflamación, ¿es aguda, &lt;br /&gt;    crónica o que compromete la vida? &lt;br /&gt; 6- ¿Hay evidencia de toxemia sistémica? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Para responder estas preguntas, Rebar aconsejó tener en cuenta las siguientes cuestiones: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1- Si encontramos desvío a la izquierda, eosinofilia persistente o monocitosis, hay inflamación. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2- El stress lo identificaremos si hay leve linfopenia (750-1.500/microlitro, lo normal es 1.000 a 5.000), eosinopenia, leve &lt;br /&gt;neutrofilia de maduros y leve monocitosis (es el dato menos consistente). Estos signos se dan por los altos niveles de &lt;br /&gt;glucocorticoides en sangre, es el leucograma de stress. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El hemograma es tan importante que nos permite anticipar y hasta imaginar lo que nos dará la bioquímica, porque es &lt;br /&gt;esperable un aumento de la glucosa, la FAS y la ALT. Si los linfocitos bajan mucho, entre 200 y 300, debemos estudiar &lt;br /&gt;otras causas.  los linfocitos bajan, al igual que con la prednisolona, por una marginación de los glóbulos blancos. La baja de los eosinófilos es menos confiable, porque su vida media en sangre es de tres horas. ¿Por qué aumentan los neutrófilos? Porque no se "pegan" tanto a los vasos sanguíneos, y entonces pasan a compartimento libre en sangre; porque hay liberación desde la médula ósea; y porque aumenta la quimiotaxis. Estos efectos se pueden observar ante una única dosis de prednisolona, en tres horas y durante un día. Si se da durante largo tiempo y luego se saca, los efectos en el hemograma duran hasta tres días. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3- ¿Qué pasa si hay evidencia de necrosis tisular?: ¡¡¡Monocitosis!!! En el organismo se da un aumento de la &lt;br /&gt;fagocitosis. En este punto, Rebar derrumbó un "mito" habitualmente repetido: "No siempre que encontremos monocitos la &lt;br /&gt;inflamación es crónica. Se pueden observar monocitosis en patologías de ocho horas de curso", afirmó. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4- Hipersensibilidad sistémica. Se caracteriza por una eosinofilia persistente. La clave es no quedarse con un solo &lt;br /&gt;recuento, sino realizar tres o cuatro antes de aceptar que el paciente tiene eosinofilia. Otro mito es aquel que &lt;br /&gt;dice que si hay eosinofilia el problema son los parásitos. "Es falso , la persistencia de la eosinofilia no se &lt;br /&gt;da por los parásitos sino por una reacción sistémica. En la mayoría de los perros adultos las parasitosis son fenómenos &lt;br /&gt;locales del aparato digestivo, por lo tanto no generan eosinofilia. En el único caso que podemos ver eosinofilia en &lt;br /&gt;perros adultos es en las hembras preñadas al momento del destete, cuando aparecen larvas migrantes e &lt;br /&gt;inmunosupresión". Otros casos de parasitosis sistémica son los parásitos del corazón presentes en sangre, las dermatitis &lt;br /&gt;alérgicas por pulgas, traqueobronquitis alérgica, mastocitoma sistémico y, en los gatos, el granuloma eosinofílico. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5- ¿Cómo distinguir si la inflamación es aguda, crónica o conlleva riesgo de vida? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En la aguda típica hay neutrofilia con &lt;br /&gt;desvío a la izquierda, linfopenia leve y monocitosis (variable). Es el ejemplo clásico. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En tanto, la Crónica se divide en dos tipos. El Tipo I se caracteriza por una leucocitosis "bestial", de 50.000 a 120.000 &lt;br /&gt;neutrófilos o más. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se observan también neutrófilos tóxicos y aumento de monocitos. Este tipo de hemograma se &lt;br /&gt;denomina leucemoide, porque lo primero que pensamos es que el paciente sufre de leucemia. ¿Cómo diferenciar una &lt;br /&gt;de otra? En las leucemias el hematocrito es bajo (15-20%), mientras que en las inflamaciones es de 30% a 40%. &lt;br /&gt;Además, la morfología de los linfocitos se mantiene en los casos inflamatorios. Por otra parte, en las leucemias no hay &lt;br /&gt;neutrófilos tóxicos. &lt;br /&gt;Como conclusión de la Crónica Tipo I, la encontraremos en inflamaciones muy circunscriptas pero muy &lt;br /&gt;intensas, como un absceso o una piómetra cerrada. Evidencia una respuesta positiva del organismo para expulsar lo &lt;br /&gt;extraño. &lt;br /&gt;En cambio, la Crónica Tipo II se presenta con una leucocitosis normal o levemente aumentada, sin desvío a la izquierda, &lt;br /&gt;recuento de linfocitos normales y monocitosis (es la clave, ya que nos dice que es crónico). ¿Cómo se llega a una &lt;br /&gt;inflamación crónica con tan baja respuesta celular? Hay un balance entre lo que produce la médula y lo &lt;br /&gt;que se consume, por eso no hay desvío a la izquierda. "Sale uno de la médula pero entra uno en los tejidos. Este &lt;br /&gt;tráfico tiene una velocidad increíble.&lt;br /&gt;Por último, la variable que compromete la vida es el caso más grave, porque la médula no llega a producir lo que &lt;br /&gt;demandan los tejidos. Si nos encontramos con un hemograma así estamos en problemas. ¿Cómo es? Hay neutropenia &lt;br /&gt;con desvío a la izquierda, linfopenia y monocitosis variable. Es una emergencia. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6- El último punto es si hay evidencia de toxemia sistémica. "El frotis es la clave. Veremos neutrófilos tóxicos, porque las &lt;br /&gt;toxinas circulantes ingresaron a la médula e interfirieron con la producción de glóbulos blancos. En general, este tipo de &lt;br /&gt;hemograma se ve en pacientes con infecciones bacterianas.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Caso 1 &lt;br /&gt;Caniche hembra de seis años, con vómitos, anorexia, poliuria y polidipsia. Rebar apuntó que es el "famoso síndrome del &lt;br /&gt;perro enfermo", por lo inespecífico de los signos. &lt;br /&gt;Hemograma (ponemos "alto" o "bajo" entre paréntesis para aclarar aún más, ya que las referencias varían según &lt;br /&gt;cada laboratorio): HTO del 30%, glóbulos blancos 24.900, en banda 3.000 (desvío a la izquierda regenerativo), neutrófilos &lt;br /&gt;18.000 (altos), linfocitos 900 (bajos), monocitos 3.000 (altos). &lt;br /&gt;¿Inflamación? Sí, monocitosis y desvío a la izquierda. &lt;br /&gt;¿Stress? Sí, linfopenia &lt;br /&gt;¿Necrosis? Sí, monocitosis. &lt;br /&gt;¿Aguda, crónica o con riesgo de vida? Aguda, por tener neutrofilia, desvío a la izquierda y linfopenia. &lt;br /&gt;¿Toxemia sistémica? Sí, por neutrófilos tóxicos. &lt;br /&gt;¿Hay anemia? Algo, por la inflamación &lt;br /&gt;¿Hay CID?, ¿cómo están las plaquetas? Siempre pensar en las plaquetas, ya que si son bajas hay riesgo de CID. Los &lt;br /&gt;siete datos son importantes, pero la información la da el frotis. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Caso 2 &lt;br /&gt;Setter hembra con pérdida de peso y abdomen distendido. &lt;br /&gt;Hemograma: HTO 25%, blancos 17.500, neutrófilos 10.000, linfocitos 3,000, monocitos 4.500, proteínas totales 8,2. &lt;br /&gt;¿Inflamación? Sí, monocitosis. &lt;br /&gt;¿Stress? No &lt;br /&gt;¿Necrosis? Sí, monocitosis. &lt;br /&gt;¿Aguda, crónica o con riesgo de vida? Crónica Tipo II, porque hay neutrófilos normales con altos linfocitos. &lt;br /&gt;¿Toxemia sistémica? No. &lt;br /&gt;El hematocrito está bajo, 25%; y las proteínas altas. Mirando sólo el frotis se ven muchos monocitos y una cantidad &lt;br /&gt;normal de neutrófilos. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Caso 3 &lt;br /&gt;Hemograma: HTO 50%, blancos 5.500, en banda 1.100, neutrófilos 2,000, linfocitos 900, monocitos 1.500, proteínas &lt;br /&gt;totales 8,5. &lt;br /&gt;¿Inflamación? Sí, monocitosis y desvío a la izquierda. &lt;br /&gt;¿Stress? Sí, linfopenia &lt;br /&gt;¿Necrosis? Sí, monocitosis &lt;br /&gt;¿Aguda, crónica o con riesgo de vida? Con riesgo de vida, inflamación y necrosis tisular. &lt;br /&gt;¿Toxemia sistémica? No. &lt;br /&gt;¿CID? Las plaquetas están normales. &lt;br /&gt;¿Anemia? No, aunque por el aumento de las proteínas se puede observar que hay deshidratación. &lt;br /&gt;En este caso vemos una inflamación aguda fuerte, necrosis tisular, no hay CID y deshidratación. Todos estos datos los &lt;br /&gt;aportó el hemograma. Es mucha información por poco dinero. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Diagnóstico: En los tres casos se trató de una piómetra por Escherichia Coli. Fueron tres casos diferentes con el mismo &lt;br /&gt;diagnóstico final, pero con diferentes hemogramas. Muestra el diferente balance entre la médula ósea y la utilización de los &lt;br /&gt;tejidos. También es importante juntar esta información con el estado del paciente. Podemos predecir que en el Caso 3 el &lt;br /&gt;paciente es el más grave. Y que el caso que tiene una enfermedad más crónica es el 2, la cirugía será más &lt;br /&gt;complicada, porque el útero estará más irrigado y habrá tejidos fibróticos que dificultarán la operación. El tipo de &lt;br /&gt;piómetra también se puede conocer con el hemograma: en el Caso 2, es abierta, porque bajaron los glóbulos blancos y &lt;br /&gt;también el HTO por las pérdidas por sangrado. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La tecnología llegará a reemplazar al microscopio? &lt;br /&gt;No me parece. Aunque lo intenté, aún no pude desarrollar un software que integre el conocimiento de mirar un frotis &lt;br /&gt;en el microscopio. En las conferencias que doy sí puedo resumir lo que llevo visto en 30 años de carrera, pero no lo &lt;br /&gt;consigo a la hora de diseñar un programa de computación. Además, estoy seguro de que los analizadores automáticos &lt;br /&gt;que se emplean en las clínicas nunca obtendrán la información que puede darnos un frotis, que es la llave de la &lt;br /&gt;hematología y no puede ser olvidado ni reemplazado. Cuantos más frotis hacemos, más sabemos. Es un tema de &lt;br /&gt;práctica, no hace falta ser un genio iluminado. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Qué elementos debe tener el veterinario para hacer patología clínica en su veterinaria? &lt;br /&gt; Aguja, jeringa, portaobjetos, refractómetro y microscopio, nada más. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;¿Qué estudios mínimos son los que recomienda hacer? &lt;br /&gt;Hemograma completo, que incluya parámetros de glóbulos blancos, rojos y plaquetas. También, proteínas &lt;br /&gt;plasmáticas con el refractómetro, y frotis. A su vez, recomiendo no mandar orina fuera de la clínica, hacer nosotros &lt;br /&gt;mismos los análisis. Cualquier clínico puede hacer la tirita, el sedimento y utilizar el refractómetro. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Respuestas del dr. Rebar, en encuesta en Argentina para la revista El Cronista Veterinario&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-4446670134750697912?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/4446670134750697912/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=4446670134750697912' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4446670134750697912'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4446670134750697912'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/08/como-aprovechar-un-hemograma.html' title='Como aprovechar un hemograma'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-8065865767621377585</id><published>2009-08-13T17:32:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2009-08-13T17:34:13.911-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Clase de hematologia de miercoles 12 de agosto</title><content type='html'>El link para ver la clase lo encuentran presionando &lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/clase2-542745"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tambien les envío algunos ejercicios para que preparen la clase de mañana viernes.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-8065865767621377585?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/8065865767621377585/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=8065865767621377585' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8065865767621377585'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8065865767621377585'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/08/clase-de-hematologia-de-miercoles-12-de.html' title='Clase de hematologia de miercoles 12 de agosto'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-3748288485891530948</id><published>2009-08-02T17:33:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2011-02-01T19:42:38.769-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Bienvenidos alumnos de séptimo semestre, segundo periodo 2009, FUSAM</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SnYIXOZ2M-I/AAAAAAAADnc/nP722BS414E/s1600-h/100_1409_2.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 133px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SnYIXOZ2M-I/AAAAAAAADnc/nP722BS414E/s200/100_1409_2.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5365485201155044322" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bienvenidos alumnos. &lt;br /&gt;Este blog es para ustedes y de ustedes. Puesto que es libre, espero que las personas que lleguen a el tengan presente que los temas que han estado en el, se van poniendo en el blog a medida que se van viendo los temas en la clase.  Si conoce algún tema que estaba acá y ya no esta, por favor solicitemelo por mail, que está archivado seguramente. lo único que no archivo y es temporal, son las presentaciones y exposiciones de los alumnos durante el semestre. Esto lo borro después de terminado el semestre para que haya espacio para los nuevos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por favor escriba acá cualquier pregunta que quiera que se discuta de patología clínica veterinaria. si tengo la respuesta o puedo colaborarle en algo me encantaría hacerlo. Los temas a tratar serán:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generalidades de patología clínica veterinaria&lt;br /&gt;hematología básica&lt;br /&gt;urianalisis&lt;br /&gt;examen de materia fecal&lt;br /&gt;examen de líquidos corporales (exudados, transudados etc.)&lt;br /&gt;citología básica&lt;br /&gt;química sanguínea&lt;br /&gt;raspados de piel y tricogramas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Espero que disfruten el tema.&lt;br /&gt;Por favor escribanme sus comentarios.&lt;br /&gt;doctorapaulina@cimev.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Maria Paulina.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-3748288485891530948?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/3748288485891530948/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=3748288485891530948' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/3748288485891530948'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/3748288485891530948'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/08/bienvenidos-alumnos-de-septimo-semestre.html' title='Bienvenidos alumnos de séptimo semestre, segundo periodo 2009, FUSAM'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SnYIXOZ2M-I/AAAAAAAADnc/nP722BS414E/s72-c/100_1409_2.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-2208093917422192849</id><published>2009-03-23T17:34:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.912-05:00</updated><title type='text'>CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE</title><content type='html'>&lt;base href="http://old.cvm.msu.edu/RESEARCH/PULMON/site/respiratory_diseases/diseases/Heaves/mainFrame.html"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;br class="webkit-block-placeholder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p align="right"&gt;&lt;img src="../../../../index_images/fadebar.JPG" width="518" height="16"&gt;&lt;br&gt;   &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size="+2"&gt;CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE&lt;br&gt;   &lt;font size="+1"&gt;"HEAVES" - "BROKEN WIND" - "COPD"&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="right"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size="4"&gt;- Introduction&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="images/horsdst.gif" width="350" height="243" alt="horsdst.gif (68406 bytes)" align="left" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt;Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease    (COPD) is an equine lung disease similar to human asthma. The clinical signs    of COPD are caused by an allergic response to the particles in hay dust (see    Figure 1). It is most often seen in older horses (greater than six years old)    that are stabled during the winter months. COPD is rarely seen in warm, dry    climates where horses are kept outside all year. Horses with COPD may exhibit    clinical signs such as "heaving" to push air out of the lungs towards    the end of exhalation, coughing, weight loss, and exercise intolerance. Wheezes    may be heard towards the end of exhalation when listening to the airways with    a stethoscope. A mucopurulent nasal discharge (composed of mucus and inflammatory    cells) may be seen, especially after exercise. The abdominal muscles of COPD-afflicted    horses may hypertrophy (enlarge) and form noticeable "heave lines."    Heaves does not appear to be breed or gender related. There is evidence, however,    that it may be hereditary. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="3"&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;- Etiology of COPD&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hay contains microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi as well as tiny particles    of feed grains, plants, feces, dander, and pollen (see the photomicrograph of    a clean hay sample in Figure 2). These tiny particles become aerosolized in    hay&lt;img src="images/clnhay.gif" width="262" height="197" alt="clnhay.gif (39415 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt; dust and elicit an allergic response when they are inhaled by    COPD horses. While it is believed that the hypersensitivity reaction seen in    COPD horses is in response to many different allergens, the primary microorganisms    involved in the etiology of heaves are &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus fumigatus, Thermoactinomyces    vulgaris, &lt;/i&gt;and&lt;i&gt; Faenia&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;rectivirgula&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus fumigatus&lt;/i&gt;    is a mold that grows on dead and decaying matter such as poorly cured &lt;img src="images/mldhay.gif" width="259" height="196" alt="mldhay.gif (47843 bytes)" align="left" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt;hay. It is thermophilic ("heat-loving")    and can thrive in the high temperatures achieved in decomposing vegetation.    &lt;i&gt;A. fumigatus&lt;/i&gt; forms spores which become airborne and can be inhaled. These    spores are antigenic (they are recognized as "foreign" by the immune    system and provoke an immune response) and allergenic. Both &lt;i&gt;Thermoactinomyces    vulgaris &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Faenia rectivirgula&lt;/i&gt; are bacteria which produce spores    that become airborne and can be inhaled. All three of these species of microorganisms    are numerous in moldy hay (Figure 3 is a photomicrograph of moldy hay).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size="4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;- Pathogenesis of COPD&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="3"&gt;COPD is a disease that affects the air    passages (trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles) through which air flows into the    lungs (see Figure 4). The air passages are lined with layers&lt;/font&gt;&lt;img src="images/lung1.gif" width="283" height="320" alt="lung1.gif (17677 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="2"&gt;&lt;big&gt; of cells which constitute the epithelium.    Below the epithelium is a layer of connective tissue called the submucosa. The    epithelium and submucosa together are called the mucosa. Smooth muscle surrounds    the bronchi and bronchioles all the way to the level of&amp;nbsp; the alveoli (the    air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place). Contraction of the smooth    muscle encircling the airways is known as bronchoconstriction or bronchospasm.&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The airways are equipped with natural defense mechanisms to eliminate inhaled    particles. These mechanisms include coughing, mucus secretion and removal, and    bronchoconstriction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a delayed hypersensitivity    reaction to inhaled allergens (materials that provoke allergic reactions). The    natural defense mechanisms in the airways of COPD horses are hyperreactive and,    therefore, they overreact when foreign particles are inhaled. Inflammation is    also one of the defense mechanisms of the airways but in COPD inflammation occurs    in excess and its purpose is not clear. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inflammation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Four to six hours after a COPD horse is exposed to hay dust, the airways become    inflamed and massive numbers of neutrophils accumulate within the air passages.    Neutrophils are specialized white blood cells that kill bacteria. In COPD, it    is still unclear what role the neutrophils play. It is known, however that the    substances normally used by neutrophils to kill bacteria are capable of causing    some of the changes in the airway epithelium observed in COPD horses. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="images/walthik.gif" width="260" height="210" alt="walthik.gif (23199 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt;Each time a COPD horse is exposed to    hay dust, its airways become acutely inflamed which causes the airways to become    edematous (an abnormal accumulation of fluid in intercellular spaces). Repeated    episodes of inflammation can cause the airway mucosal cells to proliferate.&amp;nbsp;    Both edema and proliferation of the mucosal cells thicken the airway walls and    obstruct normal air flow during breathing (see Figure 5). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mucus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="images/gbltcl.gif" width="269" height="189" alt="gbltcl.gif (35657 bytes)" align="left" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt;Airway mucus is produced in the trachea    and bronchi by goblet cells in the epithelium and submucosal glands (see photomicrograph    of goblet cells in Figure 6). Mucus lining the airways is viscous and sticky    so that it entraps inhaled particles. The epithelium of the trachea and bronchi    is covered with cilia (Figure 7 is a photomicrograph of ciliated epithelium).    These tiny hairlike projections on the epithelial surface beat continuously    and transport the overlying mucus layer up toward the larynx where the mucus    can either be expelled (by coughing) or swallowed. The mucociliary system provides    a means by which inhaled foreign particles can be cleared from the airways.&lt;img src="images/ciliaB.gif" alt="ciliaA.gif (29781 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10" width="289" height="231"&gt; Stimulation of the irritant receptors    lying below the airway epithelium promotes mucus secretion so that more mucus    is available to transport inhaled allergens out of the airways. Inflammation    of the airways stimulates mucus secretion and causes proliferation of mucus    producing cells. In COPD horses, excess mucus in the airways plugs the bronchioles    (Figure 9 below is a photomicrograph of a mucous plug in the airways).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bronchoconstriction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The smooth muscle that encircles the airways is controlled by the parasympathetic    nervous &lt;img src="images/bronch.gif" width="270" height="298" alt="bronch.gif (24060 bytes)" align="left" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt;system.&amp;nbsp; Inhaled irritants stimulate    the parasympathetic nervous system to release acetylcholine (ACh). The binding    of acetylcholine to receptors located on airway smooth muscle cells causes bronchoconstriction    (bronchospasm) which prevents irritants from penetrating deeper into the lungs.&amp;nbsp;    When the mucosa is thickened by inflammation, even a little smooth muscle contraction    can substantially narrow the airways and make breathing more difficult (this    is illustrated in Figure 8). Air flow is also compromised by the increased production    of mucus in response to inhaled allergens. Accumulated mucus and cellular debris    in the airways further decreases the diameter of the air passages and increases    the effort required to breathe. This increased work of breathing is evidenced&lt;img src="images/mucplg.gif" width="261" height="204" alt="mucplg.gif (43079 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt; by the abdominal push ("heaving") seen when COPD-afflicted    horses try to force air out through the narrowed airways during exhalation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Since the air passages of COPD-afflicted horses are obstructed (see Figure    9), oxygen cannot be efficiently delivered to the alveoli. This results in a    low partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood of COPD horses. Less oxygen    is available, therefore, for delivery to the tissues.&amp;nbsp; Impairment of gas    exchange in the lungs of COPD horses prevents these horses from performing well    and results in exercise intolerance.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cough&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/big&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Coughing expels inhaled particles from the airways. Sensory nerve endings called    irritant receptors lie below the airway epithelium. The irritant receptors are    stimulated when&lt;img src="images/hrscof.gif" width="384" height="252" alt="hrscof.gif (14314 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt; inhaled particles or accumulated mucus    secretions compress the airway epithelium and deform the underlying receptors.    In COPD-afflicted horses,&amp;nbsp; inflammation makes the cough reflex hyperreactive    because the epithelium is damaged, irritant receptors become exposed, and the    nerves become more sensitive to stimuli (much as an inflamed wound on your finger    makes your finger more sensitive to touch). As a result of the hyperreactive    cough reflex and mucus accumulation in the airways, COPD horses cough frequently    (see Figure 10).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size="4"&gt;- Diagnosis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size="3"&gt;Veterinarian&lt;/font&gt;s usually diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary    disease based on history and clinical signs. Since COPD is an allergic response    to particles in hay dust, it should be determined how the horse is being housed    and the type of feed it is receiving. Information supplied to the veterinarian    by the owner or trainer about the onset and nature of clinical signs such as    "heaving," coughing, or mucopurulent nasal discharge is also very    useful. In addition, the veterinarian will want to know about any history of    exercise intolerance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The veterinarian will conduct a complete physical examination and pay particular    attention to the lungs. Horses with COPD usually do not have a fever. Abnormal    lung sounds, especially wheezing, become more obvious as the disease increases    in severity. The veterinarian will look for evidence of a mucopurulent nasal    discharge. If there is doubt about the diagnosis, the veterinarian may use endoscopy    or bronchoalveolar lavage.&lt;img src="images/bob8.gif" width="184" height="208" alt="bob8.gif (30290 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="4"&gt;Endoscopy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Insertion of an endoscope through a nostril of the horse and into the trachea    and bronchi allows the veterinarian to directly examine the air passages. The    veterinarian will make note of&amp;nbsp;any edema, hyperemia (the "redness"    that occurs as more blood is shunted to areas of inflammation), and the presence    and color of mucus accumulations. Figure 11 is a videoendoscopic photograph    showing large amounts of mucous in the airways of a COPD-afflicted horse.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="4"&gt;Bronchoalveolar Lavage&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="images/bal0.gif" width="199" height="171" alt="bal0.gif (14099 bytes)" align="left" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt;Bronchoalveolar lavage is a process whereby a tube    is passed through one nostril of the horse into the peripheral airways and then    sterile saline is quickly injected and withdrawn from the air passages through    the tube. This sample is then analysed microscopically for both the total number    of cells present and the number and percentage of each cell type present (i.e.    macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells). In normal    horses, the predominant cells are macrophages and lymphocytes with neutrophils    comprising less than five percent of all the&lt;img src="images/bal11.gif" width="210" height="179" alt="bal11.gif (30738 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt; cells present (see Figure 12). In horses with severe    COPD, the percentage of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid may    be 50-70% (or more) of the total cell count (see Figure 13). However, horses    with greater than 20% neutrophils will likely have impaired lung function and    may have COPD.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Blood gas analysis can also be performed to assist in the diagnosis of chronic    obstructive pulmonary disease. An arterial blood sample taken when the horse    has just been exercised will have a lower partial pressure of oxygen than normal.    Although horses usually become hypoxemic (low levels of oxygen in the blood)    during exercise, the hypoxemia seen in COPD horses is more pronounced.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size="4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;- Treatment of COPD&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size="3"&gt;In equine COPD, inhalation of airborne allergens leads to airway    inflammation which gives rise to bronchospasm.&amp;nbsp; Treatment therefore involves    prevention of exposure to allergens by environmental management, reduction of    inflammation by use of corticosteroids, and relief of airway obstruction by    use of bronchodilator drugs.&amp;nbsp; Depending on the severity of the disease,    use of the horse, and facilities available, one or all of these treatments may    be used for a COPD-affected horse. &amp;nbsp; There is no cure for COPD and, therefore,    treatments need to be continued for life.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="4"&gt;Environmental Management&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The simplest way to treat a COPD horse is to change the environment so as to    minimize exposure to hay dusts. This can easily be accomplished by putting the    horse out to pasture. COPD-afflicted horses put out to pasture will go into    clinical remission. If a horse must be stabled, then it is necessary to eliminate    the use of straw for bedding and hay for feed. Even though the dust levels in    the barn may seem insignificant, research has shown that the&lt;img src="images/dust1.gif" width="349" height="251" alt="dust1.gif (29527 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt; dust levels in the breathing zone (i.e.    around the nose) of a horse eating hay can be as much as thirty to forty times    higher than in the rest of the stall (see Figure 14). When a horse is eating    a low dust feed such as pellets, the dust levels in the breathing zone are equivalent    to those in the stall (see Figure 14). An effective management strategy for    stabled COPD-afflicted horses, therefore, is to bed them on shavings and feed    them a low dust diet. Feeds low in dust include complete pelleted feed, alfalfa    cubes, and grass silage (haylage). Horses in adjacent stalls preferably should    be kept in the same manner so as to prevent hay dusts from contaminating the    stall of the COPD horse. However, if this is not possible, simply changing the    management in one stall can dramatically improve lung function in a COPD-affected    horse. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hay should not be stored near the stall of a horse with COPD. Improving the    ventilation in the barn can also help to minimize airborne particles. This may    be accomplished by merely keeping the windows and doors open whenever possible    or by using more sophisticated ventilation systems.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;It is very important to realize that very short exposure of a COPD-susceptible    horse to hay dusts can initiate inflammation and airway obstruction that can    last for days. &amp;nbsp; In a study by Fairbairn et al., COPD-susceptible horses    were fed hay for seven hours and then put into a low dust environment. Three    days later they still had inflamed airways . For this reason, COPD-affected    horses should not simply be pastured during the day and then stabled and fed    hay at night.&amp;nbsp; This overnight exposure to dusts will be sufficient to maintain    their airway obstruction.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="4"&gt;Anti-Inflammatory Drug Therapy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In addition to changing the environment of a stabled COPD horse, it may be    necessary to administer anti-inflammatory drugs. Corticosteroids are the drugs    of choice for relieving inflammation of the airways. Corticosteroids can be    administered by mouth, by injection,&lt;img src="images/Aero.gif" width="300" height="220" alt="Aero.gif (31716 bytes)" align="right" hspace="10" vspace="10"&gt; or by inhalation. When they are administered by mouth    or by injection, therapy usually begins with a high dose and, as the horse improves,    the dose is reduced to a maintenance level. Inhaled steroids offer the advantage    of a high dose within the airways and minimal systemic side effects but a special    mask is necessary for administration (see Figure 15). A chart outlining some    of the more common corticosteroids used for COPD follows:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size="4"&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;font size="4"&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;  &lt;div align="center"&gt;   &lt;center&gt;     &lt;table border="1" cellspacing="5" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="7" width="492"&gt;       &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="21%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;SUBSTANCE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="20%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;MECHANISM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;ADMINIS-&lt;br&gt;           TRATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="28%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;TREATMENT REGIMEN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="21%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt; Prednisolone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="20%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Corticosteroid&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Oral or IM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="28%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Once daily; may administer every other            day if clinical signs are controlled after a course of treatment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Few&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="21%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Triamcinolone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="20%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Corticosteroid&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;IM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="28%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1 dose every 3 months&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Laminitis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="21%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dexamethasone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="20%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Corticosteroid&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Oral, IV or IM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="28%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Once daily for 2 days, then every other            day&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Laminitis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="21%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Beclomethasone diproprionate&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="20%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Corticosteroid&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aerosol&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="28%"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Twice daily; after 2 weeks once daily&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="16%"&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Few&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="4"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bronchodilator Drug Therapy&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="3"&gt;Bronchodilators relax airway smooth muscle    and relieve airway obstruction. In mildly affected horses, they may be the first    line of therapy. They can also be safely combined with anti-inflammatory drugs    for treatment of more severely affected horses.&amp;nbsp; This combination is beneficial    because anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce airway wall thickening but have no    direct effect on the smooth muscle regulating the diameter of the airways. Bronchodilator    drugs can be given orally, by injection, or by inhalation.&amp;nbsp; Oral administration    is the most convenient method but inhalation therapy is the most effective treatment    for relief of airway obstruction. As with anti-inflammatory therapy, administration    of bronchodilators by inhalation requires the use of a special mask (see Figure    15 above).&amp;nbsp; Clinically useful bronchodilators drugs are outlined in the    chart that follows:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size="4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size="4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;BRONCHODILATORS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt;   &lt;center&gt;     &lt;table border="1" cellspacing="5" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="7" width="525"&gt;       &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="95"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;SUBSTANCE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="61"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;MECHANISM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="103"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;ADMINIS-&lt;br&gt;           TRATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="91"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;EFFECTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="54"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;DURATION OF ACTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="92"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="95"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Clenbuterol&lt;br&gt;           (&lt;a href="http://www.ventipulmin.com"&gt;Ventipulmin&lt;br&gt;           syrup,&lt;br&gt;           Boehringer&lt;br&gt;           Ingelheim&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;           &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;(approved by FDA for use in horse, May '98)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;         &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="61"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Symbol"&gt;b&lt;/font&gt; 2 adrenergic            receptor agonist&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="103"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Oral&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="91"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Broncho-&lt;br&gt;           dilation; Stimulation&lt;br&gt;           of muco-&lt;br&gt;           ciliary&lt;br&gt;           escalator &lt;br&gt;           and mucus secretion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="54"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;12 hours&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="92"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tachy-&lt;br&gt;           cardia,&lt;br&gt;           sweating,&lt;br&gt;           excitation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="95"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pirbuterol (Maxair)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="61"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Symbol"&gt;b&lt;/font&gt; 2 adrenergic            receptor agonist&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="103"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aerosol&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="91"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Broncho-&lt;br&gt;           dilation; Stimulation of muco-&lt;br&gt;           ciliary &lt;br&gt;           escalator and mucus&lt;br&gt;           secretion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="54"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1-2 hours&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="92"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Minimal since adminis-&lt;br&gt;           tered by aerosol rather than systemically&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="95"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Albuterol (Ventolin)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="61"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Symbol"&gt;b&lt;/font&gt; 2 adrenergic            receptor agonist&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="103"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aerosol&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="91"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Broncho-&lt;br&gt;           dilation; Stimulation of muco-&lt;br&gt;           ciliary &lt;br&gt;           escalator and mucus &lt;br&gt;           secretion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="54"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1-2 hours&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="92"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Minimal since adminis-&lt;br&gt;           tered by aerosol rather than systemically&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="95"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ephedrine&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="61"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Both &lt;font face="Symbol"&gt;a&lt;/font&gt; and            &lt;font face="Symbol"&gt;b&lt;/font&gt; 2 receptors agonist&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="103"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Oral&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="91"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Broncho-&lt;br&gt;           dilation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="54"&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Efficacy and duration never tested            in clinical trials&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="92"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Stimulation of central nervous system&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="95"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Atropine&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="61"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nonspecific muscarinic antagonist&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="103"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;IV&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="91"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Broncho-&lt;br&gt;           dilation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="1"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4-6 hours&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="50"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="1"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gastrointestinal            stasis and colic&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="95"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="61"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quaternary ammonium nonspecific muscarinic            receptor antagonist&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="103"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aerosol&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="91"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Broncho-&lt;br&gt;           dilation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="1"&gt;4-6 hours&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="50"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="1"&gt;Minimal since            poorly absorbed from airways into blood&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;          &lt;td width="95"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aminophyl-&lt;br&gt;           line (a derivative of theophylline)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="61"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nonspecific inhibition of cAMP and cGMP            phosphodi-&lt;br&gt;           esterases&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="103"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Oral or IV&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="91"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Broncho-&lt;br&gt;           dilation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="54"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Duration of effect never tested in clinical            trials&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td width="92"&gt;&lt;font size="1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Excitation, nervousness, increased heart            rate at doses required for bronchodilation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="MOA_of_BDD.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="4"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For    information on the mechanism of action of bronchodilator drugs, click here.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="heaves_references.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="4"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;References&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="4"&gt;&lt;small&gt;This article was prepared by Rachele    J. Baker under the direction of the faculty and staff of the Equine Pulmonary    Laboratory.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="../../../../index_images/horse_3.jpg" width="88" height="66" border="0"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;br class="webkit-block-placeholder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-2208093917422192849?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/2208093917422192849/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=2208093917422192849' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2208093917422192849'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2208093917422192849'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease.html' title='CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-7203765059552593029</id><published>2009-03-23T13:48:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.917-05:00</updated><title type='text'>EFUSIONES FELINAS</title><content type='html'>EFUSIONES PLEURALES: DIAGNÓSTICOS DIFERENCIALES Y MANEJO &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Dra. Marcela Valenzuela &lt;br /&gt;Medicina Felina &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;La efusión pleural es un signo común en la práctica veterinaria. El &lt;br /&gt;espacio pleural normalmente es virtual, se encuentra entre la pleura visceral y &lt;br /&gt;parietal. Generalmente contiene de 3 a 5 ml de líquido con un bajo contenido &lt;br /&gt;de proteínas (&lt;1.5 g/dl), el cual proporciona lubricación  de los pulmones &lt;br /&gt;durante la respiración. El fluido presente normalmente en el espacio pleural es &lt;br /&gt;filtrado y reabsorbido por una fuerza que determina el movimiento del flujo a &lt;br /&gt;través de las paredes. Esas fuerzas están comprendidas por la presión oncótica &lt;br /&gt;extravascular y la presión hidrostática, la permeabilidad capilar y el drenaje &lt;br /&gt;linfático. Por lo tanto las alteraciones en esas fuerzas normales pueden resultar &lt;br /&gt;en la acumulación del líquido en el espacio pleural. La efusión pleural debe ser &lt;br /&gt;considerada como un signo de una enfermedad no como una entidad primaria. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Los gatos tienen un espacio pleural con fenestraciones a nivel del &lt;br /&gt;mediastino, lo que hace que la mayoría de las efusiones tiendan a ser &lt;br /&gt;bilaterales. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;DIAGNÓSTICO &lt;br /&gt;El diagnósticos de las efusiones pleurales esta basado en la signología &lt;br /&gt;clínica, radiografías torácicas y examen de ultrasonido, junto con la evaluación &lt;br /&gt;del fluido en el laboratorio. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;SIGNOS CLÍNICOS &lt;br /&gt;Los signos clínicos de una efusión pleural dependen de la enfermedad &lt;br /&gt;subyacente, de la cantidad de líquido, del tipo y cronicidad del líquido. &lt;br /&gt;Generalmente los signos clínicos se asocian al sistema respiratorio. Los dueños &lt;br /&gt;pueden evidenciar taquipnea con cianosis. Sin embargo, algunos animales &lt;br /&gt;pueden exhibir solo anorexia y depresión. Los signos de una enfermedad &lt;br /&gt;subyacente son taquiarritmia con una enfermedad cardiaca o &lt;br /&gt;hepatoencefalopatia con hipoalbuminemia secundaria a la falla hepática. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;EXAMEN FISICO &lt;br /&gt;La auscultación torácica generalmente revela ruidos apagados o &lt;br /&gt;disminuidos. Los ruidos pulmonares disminuyen centralmente. La efusión &lt;br /&gt;pleural comienza aislada. Las efusiones pleurales generalmente son bilaterales, &lt;br /&gt;aunque puede ocurrir una efusión pleural unilateral. Aunque el examen físico &lt;br /&gt;debe ser realizado para ver si el paciente se encuentra estable, si la disnea es &lt;br /&gt;severa o la cianocis esta presente, la toracocérntesis se debe realizarse &lt;br /&gt;inmediatamente.  &lt;br /&gt;En el examen físico se pueden evidenciar masas orales, subcutáneas o &lt;br /&gt;abdominales sugieren una efusión neoplasica pleural. Un examen ocular puede &lt;br /&gt;revelar uveitis, asociado con agentes infecciosos como peritonitis infecciosa &lt;br /&gt;(PIF), fiebre de las montañas rocallosas o neoplasia como linfosarcoma. Hifema &lt;br /&gt;o hemorragia escleral o evidencia de sangramiento sugieren de efusión pleural &lt;br /&gt;que puede ser de naturaleza hemorrágica. La observación del pulso yugular es &lt;br /&gt;indicativo del aumento de la presión venosa central que puede ser secundaria a &lt;br /&gt;la efusión pericárdica, falla cardiaca derecha, síndrome de cava por gusanos del &lt;br /&gt;corazón, o masas intratorácicas. También puede haber masas abdominales, con &lt;br /&gt;líquido abdominal indicativos de peritonitis o pancreatitis, que podrían estar &lt;br /&gt;asociados con una efusión pleural. La palpación rectal puede revelar y dar &lt;br /&gt;información acerca de las características de las fecas. La historia de diarrea o &lt;br /&gt;poliuria y polidipsia pueden sugerir disminución de proteínas y efusión pleural. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Inicialmente se extrae el líquido pleural y se evalúa cardiológicamente. &lt;br /&gt;En el caso de que existan antecedentes de trauma externo si existe &lt;br /&gt;hemorragias se debe rechequear con pruebas de coagulación. Generalmente &lt;br /&gt;con la efusión pleural se escuchan ruidos cardíacos apagados. En muchos una &lt;br /&gt;falla cardiaca derecha se asocia con soplos derechos. Un electrocardiograma &lt;br /&gt;puede ayudar a determinar arritmia como también corazón aumentado de &lt;br /&gt;tamaño. La efusión pleural de origen cardiaco es el resultado de una &lt;br /&gt;cardiomiopatia. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;La evaluación debe ser general, para verificar el estatus metabólico.el &lt;br /&gt;estudio debe incluir urianálisis. Una hipoalbuminemia puede deberse a  &lt;br /&gt;disminución en la síntesis de albúmina, o por una alteración en la absorción GI &lt;br /&gt;(enteropatia) y también por una pérdida renal (nefropatia). Una &lt;br /&gt;hiperglobulinemia puede estar presente en PIF, enfermedades rickettciales, &lt;br /&gt;agentes infecciosos y no infecciosos inflamatorio y por enfermedades &lt;br /&gt;neoplásicas. La hipoproteinemia se describe por hemorragia o enteropatia. La &lt;br /&gt;hipercalcemia puede estar presente por neoplasias o enfermedades &lt;br /&gt;granulomatosas. En sepsis (neutrofilia y lecucocitocis y desviación a la &lt;br /&gt;izquierda, hipoalbuminemia e hiperbilirrubinemia) pueden estar asociadas con &lt;br /&gt;pleuritis. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Las radiografías pueden variar entre los distintos individuos, pero en &lt;br /&gt;general los signos son &lt;br /&gt;- líneas de las fisuras interlobares &lt;br /&gt;- presencia del ángulo costofrénico &lt;br /&gt;- separación de los bordes del pulmón de la pared torácica.  &lt;br /&gt;- pérdida de la silueta cardiaca &lt;br /&gt;- aumento del espacio mediastinal. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Cantidades relativamente pequeñas de líquido pleural pueden ser &lt;br /&gt;observadas en la radiografía, tanto en las vistas laterales o ventro dorsal de &lt;br /&gt;tórax, principalmente cuando se toman en espiración. Las radiografías también &lt;br /&gt;pueden proporcionar una información importante principalmente después de la &lt;br /&gt;toracocéntesis. Por ejemplo, se pueden observar masas mediastinales &lt;br /&gt;anteriores. También una cardiomegalia, en una falla cardiaca adquirida. La &lt;br /&gt;ruptura del diafragma, se acompaña, frecuentemente de disminución de las &lt;br /&gt;líneas crurales y desplazamiento del contenido abdominal. En el caso de &lt;br /&gt;carcinoma pulmonar se pueden observar pequeñas opacidades en el &lt;br /&gt;parenquima pulmonar. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;El diagnóstico definitivo de la naturaleza del fluido pleural requiere de &lt;br /&gt;una toracocéntesis. Luego, se realiza un examen macroscópico y microscópico &lt;br /&gt;del fluido. La toma de muestra se efectúa con y sin anticoagulante (EDTA). Así, &lt;br /&gt;en el laboratorio se debe determina el contenido de proteínas, gravedad &lt;br /&gt;específica y conteo celular. A veces en la citología se pueden observar bacterias &lt;br /&gt;o patógenos fúngicos y es posible realizar cultivo y antibiograma. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Los fluidos se clasifican en exudados y transudados y también hay una &lt;br /&gt;subclasificación de exudados inflamatorios y no inflamatorios. Una estrategia &lt;br /&gt;alternativa para distinguir entre exudados y transudados es realizar la medición &lt;br /&gt;de deshidrogenasa láctica, ph, glucosa y contenido de células rojas en el fluido &lt;br /&gt;pleural. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;En ciertas ocasiones puede existir una interpretación errónea y caer en &lt;br /&gt;confusión en cuadros neoplásicos, por la existencia de un transudado a &lt;br /&gt;exudado inflamatorio y no inflamatorio. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Los transudados son, por lo general, acelulares (&lt; 1500 células &lt;br /&gt;nucleadas/ml), son de color claro, y tienen un bajo contenido proteíco (&lt; &lt;br /&gt;3gr/dl). Los transudados se deben, en la mayoría de los casos, a la disminución &lt;br /&gt;de la presión oncótica intravascular por una hipoalbuminemia (generalmente &lt; &lt;br /&gt;1.5 g/dl). &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Los transudados modificados tienen un contenido total de proteínas de 3 &lt;br /&gt;gr/dl, y una cantidad moderada de células, 1500 – 5000 células/ml. Estos se &lt;br /&gt;deben comúnmente a un transudado que permanece por mayor tiempo en el &lt;br /&gt;espacio pleural o que se genera por aumento en la presión hidrostática linfática &lt;br /&gt;o venosa (por ejemplo en una falla cardiaca derecha). &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Los exudados son definidos como con un alto contenido proteíco, mayor &lt;br /&gt;a 3 gr/dl y alto contenido celular (&gt;5000 células/ml). Esos fluidos son turbios &lt;br /&gt;como resultados del aumento en el contenido celular. Los exudados son &lt;br /&gt;generalmente causados por un aumento en la permeabilidad vascular. En &lt;br /&gt;muchos casos los pacientes presentan una mezcla de fluidos principalmente si &lt;br /&gt;han estado por un período prolongado. Un fluido turbio sugiere una efusión &lt;br /&gt;quiloide, por lo tanto fluidos con sangre sugieren hemorragias. Fluidos más &lt;br /&gt;densos y viscosos, y si contienen alta cantidad de proteínas y es de color oscuro &lt;br /&gt;puede indicar un agente infeccioso. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;La cantidad de células y la citología es esencial. Un frotis directo puede &lt;br /&gt;ser realizado con Dic – quick. Una efusión con bajo contenido celular debe ser &lt;br /&gt;centrifugada para concentrar las células. En inflamaciones agudas, se reconoce &lt;br /&gt;la presencia de un alto contenido de neutrófilos. En el caso de ser crónica se &lt;br /&gt;reconoce una población mixta de células blancas (50% neutrófilos y el resto &lt;br /&gt;entre macrófagos y células mesoteliales). En inflamación séptica se caracteriza &lt;br /&gt;por neutófilos con cambios degenerativos. La identificación de organismos &lt;br /&gt;proporciona un diagnóstico definitivo, pero no siempre se puede hacer &lt;br /&gt;citológicamente. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;La citología pleural puede ser complicada por la presencia de células &lt;br /&gt;mesoteliales benignas y reactivas, las que pueden aparecer como benignas. &lt;br /&gt;Esto es particularmente común cuando hay un exceso de líquido pleural que se &lt;br /&gt;ha mantenido por mucho tiempo. Si se sospecha de neoplasia, se debe &lt;br /&gt;confirmar por radiografía y aspiración de aguja fina de alguna masa &lt;br /&gt;intratorácica, mediastinal o pulmonar. El linfoma mediastinal es la neoplasia &lt;br /&gt;más común que causa efusión pleural. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Además del análisis del líquido pleural, es importante hacer un screen de &lt;br /&gt;otros órganos. Este debe incluir un hemograma, perfil bioquímico y urianálisis. &lt;br /&gt;Como también un testeo para virus leucemia e inmunodeficiencia. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;TORACOCÉNTESIS &lt;br /&gt;La toracocéntesis se define como una punción quirúrgica y drenaje del &lt;br /&gt;espacio pleural. La remoción de la anormal cantidad de fluido en el espacio &lt;br /&gt;pleural genera recuperación de la ventilación y distres respiratorio. La &lt;br /&gt;toracocéntesis, es por lo tanto, un procedimiento que se debe realizar en &lt;br /&gt;pacientes comprometidos y ayuda a confirmar el diagnóstico. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Cuando la toracocéntesis esté indicada, generalmente las anestesias &lt;br /&gt;están contraindicadas. En el caso que animal este muy inquieto se necesita una &lt;br /&gt;sedación. Sin embargo, una anestesia local puede ser útil. En general muchos &lt;br /&gt;de los animales toleran bien el procedimiento. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Los gatos con enfermedad del espacio pleural tienen una escasa reserva &lt;br /&gt;respiratoria, y por lo tanto se deben manejar cuidadosamente generando un &lt;br /&gt;stress mínimo. Se recomienda administrar oxigeno a través de mascaras o cajas &lt;br /&gt;de oxigeno. Idealmente el animal debe estar de cubito esternal.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;En el caso de un neumotórax el drenaje se realiza en el tercio medio del &lt;br /&gt;tórax entre el séptimo y octavo espacio intercostal. En el caso de las efusiones &lt;br /&gt;pleurales los drenajes se realizan en el tercio bajo del tórax en los mismo &lt;br /&gt;espacios intercostales que para el neumotórax. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;El procedimiento debe ser repetido según necesidad. La toracocéntesis &lt;br /&gt;esta contraindicada en pacientes con alteraciones de coagulación.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;PIOTORAX &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;El piotórax corresponde a un exudado y es definido como una &lt;br /&gt;inflamación supurativa de la cavidad torácica generando una acumulación de &lt;br /&gt;exudado inflamatorio dentro del espacio pleural. Aunque la ruta de infección no &lt;br /&gt;siempre es evidente, el piotorax puede deberse a la diseminación hematógena &lt;br /&gt;o linfática, cuerpos extraños, heridas punzantes de tórax, perforaciones &lt;br /&gt;esofágicas o iatrogénicas (frecuentes en postoperatorio). También puede ser &lt;br /&gt;resultado de una neoplasia pulmonar, abcedación o neumonía (efusión &lt;br /&gt;paraneumónicas)  o por extensión de una discoespondilitis. Los gatos machos &lt;br /&gt;jóvenes tienen un riesgo mayor de adquirir infecciones por traumatismos. La &lt;br /&gt;mayoría de los piotorax se asocian con una moderada a severa efusión bilateral, &lt;br /&gt;aunque también se han reportado casos unilaterales. Pueden existir casos con &lt;br /&gt;una combinación de gas y efusión (neumohidrotórax), esto sucede cuando la &lt;br /&gt;causa es un anaerobio o la causa es una neumonía necrotizante. Sin embargo, &lt;br /&gt;el aire puede ser de origen iatrogénico. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Se han cultivado muchos patógenos desde estas efusiones pleurales, por &lt;br /&gt;ejemplo, Bacteroides sp., Fusobacterium  sp. y Pasterella multocida. Otros &lt;br /&gt;organismos aislados, pero que son menos frecuentes son Streptococcus sp., &lt;br /&gt;Staphylococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Clostridium sp., Actinomices sp y &lt;br /&gt;Nocardia sp., Enterobacterim sp., Mycoplasma sp., y en algunos casos hongos. &lt;br /&gt;Lo anterior, es importante de considerar para realizar un cultivo y antibiograma.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;El análisis del líquido debe ser realizado en conjunto con el hemograma.  &lt;br /&gt;El líquido frecuentemente es una efusión purulenta con neutrófilos &lt;br /&gt;degenerativos, macrófagos y las células mesoteliales en un número variable, &lt;br /&gt;dependiendo de la causa y la cronicidad del cuadro. En algunos casos de &lt;br /&gt;piotórax el exudado puede contener un predominio de neutrófilos degenerados &lt;br /&gt;y macrófagos (frecuentemente esos son causados por Actinomices sp. o &lt;br /&gt;Nocardia sp.  u hongos). &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;El nivel de proteínas, generalmente en este tipo de exudado excede los &lt;br /&gt;3.5 gr/dl. En algunos casos con Actinomices sp. o Nocardia sp., el exudado &lt;br /&gt;puede contener una pequeña cantidad de partículas grises que corresponden a &lt;br /&gt;tejido debridado o a bacterias, llamados gránulos sulfurosos. Los signos &lt;br /&gt;sistémicos incluyen leucocitosis, neutrofilía con desviación a la izquierda y &lt;br /&gt;posiblemente neutrófilos con cambios tóxicos. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;La estabilización inicial de los pacientes con piotórax consiste en la &lt;br /&gt;toracocéntesis, también colocar de un tubo torácico y terapia médica con &lt;br /&gt;fluidos, analgesia y nutrición.  Los tubos de drenajes deben ser colocados con &lt;br /&gt;anestesia local, general con o sin sedación. Un número pequeño de pacientes &lt;br /&gt;necesitan la colocación de tubos bilaterales.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;El lavado y drenaje son maniobras para ayudar a manejar el piotórax. Sin &lt;br /&gt;embargo, el paciente debe estar bajo cuidado intensivo. La frecuencia de &lt;br /&gt;drenajes va a depender de cada paciente. En general, 3 a 4 drenajes diarios &lt;br /&gt;son suficientes pero pueden aumentar a 6 a 8 veces en pacientes muy &lt;br /&gt;comprometidos. El lavado implica administrar 20 ml/kg de una solución salina &lt;br /&gt;isotónica a temperatura corporal a través del tubo de drenaje.  El fluido se &lt;br /&gt;mantiene por una hora y luego se drena. Si aparece disnea durante el lavado se &lt;br /&gt;debe disminuir la cantidad de fluido. El procedimiento puede ser necesario por &lt;br /&gt;5 a 10 días para obtener una resolución. Ciertas referencias establecen que no &lt;br /&gt;hay diferencias significativas entre realizar o no lavados. Los beneficios de &lt;br /&gt;adicionar antibióticos o enzimas proteolíticas, al lavado son controversiales. &lt;br /&gt;Algunos autores recomiendan adicionar heparina a 1500 UI/100 ml de fluido. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Es importante considerar que la recuperación del fluido del lavado puede &lt;br /&gt;ser un 25% menos de lo administrado, por una reabsorción. El fluido aspirado &lt;br /&gt;puede ser analizado para realizar estudios citológicos periódicos y evaluar la &lt;br /&gt;terapia. El tórax debe ser reevaluado cado 2 a 3 días radiográficamente. La &lt;br /&gt;alteración de electrolitos puede ser una complicación de los lavados pleurales &lt;br /&gt;repetidos, de ahí su monitoreo permanente. El tubo es removido cuando se &lt;br /&gt;obtengan 2 a 3 ml/kg/día.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;La intervención quirúrgica es una alternativa cuando no hay una &lt;br /&gt;respuesta a la terapia (quizá por un abceso pulmonar). Los antibioticos &lt;br /&gt;utilizados son los indicados por el cultivo y antibiograma. En espera de los &lt;br /&gt;resultados se puede administrar penicilina G, ampicilina, amoxicilina, &lt;br /&gt;amoxicilina más ácido clavulánico, clindamicina y metronidazol. Los &lt;br /&gt;aminoglicósidos, sulfonamidas y tetraciclinas no son una buena elección por &lt;br /&gt;tener escasa acción contra anaerobios. La terapia antibiótica debe ser &lt;br /&gt;administrada hasta 2 semanas después de la resolución de los signos, incluso &lt;br /&gt;hasta 4 a 6 semanas. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Las adherencias dentro del espacio pleural y pleuritis son las dos &lt;br /&gt;secuelas potenciales de piotórax, lo anterior es un antecedente negativo para el &lt;br /&gt;pronóstico y su total recuperación.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;HEMOTORAX &lt;br /&gt;Se define como hemotórax la acumulación de sangre en el espacio &lt;br /&gt;pleural. Normalmente se debe a un trauma sobre la pared del tórax &lt;br /&gt;(concomitantemente con neumotorax), diafragma, pared del corazón, &lt;br /&gt;parénquima pulmonar o estructuras del mediastino. Otros diagnósticos &lt;br /&gt;diferenciales pueden ser por causa iatrogénica, impacto pulmonar, torsión del &lt;br /&gt;lobo pulmonar y neoplasia. La presencia de alteraciones en la coagulación &lt;br /&gt;también debe considerarse. El análisis del líquido revela alta cantidad de células &lt;br /&gt;rojas, es necesario conocer densidad y proteína total. El tratamiento esta &lt;br /&gt;apuntado a reparar el problema que esta generando la extravasación de &lt;br /&gt;sangre.  &lt;br /&gt;El tratamiento conservativo se basa en administrar oxígeno, observación &lt;br /&gt;de los signos vitales, monitoreo de VGA y proteínas plasmáticas. La sangre que &lt;br /&gt;se encuentra en el espacio pleural se reabsorbe gradualmente y puede ser &lt;br /&gt;autotransfundida. La toracocéntesis esta contemplada considerando el distres &lt;br /&gt;respiratorio, también es posible colocar un tubo de drenaje y una eventual &lt;br /&gt;lobectomia. Una complicación del hemotórax puede ser una pleuritis &lt;br /&gt;contractiva, aún cuando sea de escasa presentación. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;QUILOTORAX &lt;br /&gt;El quilotórax es la acumulación de quilos dentro del espacio pleural. La &lt;br /&gt;determinación de la posible causa frecuentemente es una frustración en la &lt;br /&gt;práctica. Generalmente es resultado de una alteración en la dinámica en el &lt;br /&gt;fluido linfático a través del ducto torácico debido a la presión dentro de él, o por &lt;br /&gt;la presión fuera de conducto (obstrucción del ducto). Las causas pueden ser &lt;br /&gt;congénitas (anormalidades congénitas del ducto torácico, tetralogía de Fallot), &lt;br /&gt;traumática (perforación quirúrgica, ulceración, traumas de tórax), inflamatoria &lt;br /&gt;(lesiones granulomatosas), neoplásicas (linfosarcoma mediastinal, timona que &lt;br /&gt;obstruya el drenaje, erosión del ducto torácico por tumores), cardiogénico &lt;br /&gt;(cardiomiopatía, falla cardiaca congestiva, efusión pericardica, displasia de &lt;br /&gt;tricúspide), idiomática, otras (anormalidades linfáticas difusas que involucren el &lt;br /&gt;ducto torácico como linfangiesctacia, trombosis venosa, posible asociación con &lt;br /&gt;enfermedad pancreática y parasitismo). &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Las efusiones quiloides se caracterizan por ser de aspecto lechoso, con &lt;br /&gt;una apariencia al color rosado y un aspecto cremoso al dejar decantar. Se &lt;br /&gt;deben muestrear los triglicéridos y el colesterol de la efusión para ser &lt;br /&gt;comparados con los niveles sanguíneos. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Los fluidos quiloides tienen una alta concentración de triglicéridos en la &lt;br /&gt;efusión comparado con la sangre periférica. En el caso de colesterol este es &lt;br /&gt;normal o bajo en la efusión pleural. La relación colesterol: triglicérido del fluido &lt;br /&gt;pleural es menor a uno, esto también es sugerente de efusiones quiloides.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Algunas efusiones tienen características similares pero no lo son y se les &lt;br /&gt;llama efusiones seudoquiloides. Sin embargo no existen evidencias de que esto &lt;br /&gt;suceda en felinos. La presencia de neutrófilos tóxicos o de de sepsis son poco &lt;br /&gt;frecuentes de encontrar en los quilotorax. El tratamiento y pronóstico del &lt;br /&gt;quilotórax varía de acuerdo a la causa. Los tubos de drenajes se recomiendan &lt;br /&gt;cuando el origen es traumático. Complicaciones de quilotorax crónico son &lt;br /&gt;pleuritis fibrosa o contrictiva. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;PERITONITIS INFECCIOSA FELINA (PIF) &lt;br /&gt;El análisis del fluido es uno de los exámenes con más valor para el &lt;br /&gt;diagnóstico de PIF. Los fluidos en esta situación son típicamente poco &lt;br /&gt;coloreados, viscosos por el alto contenido de proteína, y pueden formar un &lt;br /&gt;coagulo de fibrina. La apariencia física puede ser variable, sin embargo en &lt;br /&gt;algunos casos el fluido puede ser más coloreado y menos viscoso. Los estudios &lt;br /&gt;muestran que los fluidos de PIF contienen sobre 35 g/l de proteína, con niveles &lt;br /&gt;de 60 g/l. La relación albúmina: globulina también debe ser determinada, &lt;br /&gt;invariablemente las globulinas son mayor o iguales que el 50% del total de &lt;br /&gt;contenidos de proteínas. La cuenta total de células son menores a 20 X 106 /ml, &lt;br /&gt;con un predominio de neutrófilos no degenerados y macrófagos.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Otras enfermedades como colangitis linfocítica y neoplasias presentan &lt;br /&gt;efusiones indistinguibles de la observada en el PIF.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;LINFOMA Y OTRAS MASAS TORACICAS &lt;br /&gt;La recolección de fluido pleural puede ayudar tanto al diagnóstico como &lt;br /&gt;a la terapéutica de la enfermedad. Si la efusión proviene del mediastino y se &lt;br /&gt;supone de una masa, se remueve el líquido y después se realiza una radiografía &lt;br /&gt;control. Las muestras se recolectan para cultivo y citología. Cuando se evalúa la &lt;br /&gt;citología de una cavidad la inexperiencia del patólogo puede generar errores, &lt;br /&gt;debido a que hay que recordar que puede haber una población de células &lt;br /&gt;mesoteliales reactivas que son exfoliadas al fluido y que pueden generar &lt;br /&gt;confusiones con malignidades. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;En el caso de un linfoma mediastinal es posible recolectar células &lt;br /&gt;características que son linfocitos inmaduros que presentan un gran tamaño.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;CLASIFICACIÓN DE LA EFUSIONES BASADA EN EL ANALISIS DEL &lt;br /&gt;LÍQUIDO &lt;br /&gt;TIPO &lt;br /&gt;EFUSION COLOR/ &lt;br /&gt;TURBIDEZ PROTEINA &lt;br /&gt;TOTAL &lt;br /&gt;(g/dl) &lt;br /&gt;GRAVEDAD &lt;br /&gt;ESPECIFICA WBC &lt;br /&gt;(n/ul) TIPO CELULAR &lt;br /&gt;PREDOMINANTE &lt;br /&gt;TRANSUDADO Claro, &lt;br /&gt;descolorido &lt; 2.5 &lt;1.017 &lt; 1000 Mesoteliales, &lt;br /&gt;mononucleares &lt;br /&gt;fagotitos &lt;br /&gt;TRANSUDADO &lt;br /&gt;MODIFICADO Amarillo &lt;br /&gt;claro a &lt;br /&gt;apricot &lt;br /&gt;coagula &lt;br /&gt;&gt; o igual &lt;br /&gt;2.5 1.017 – &lt;br /&gt;1.025 &gt; 1000 Celulas &lt;br /&gt;mononucleares &lt;br /&gt;EXUDADO Apricot a &lt;br /&gt;tan, coagula &gt; 3.0 &gt; 1.025 &gt; 5000 Neutrofilos no &lt;br /&gt;degenereativos y &lt;br /&gt;degenenerativo &lt;br /&gt;      &lt;br /&gt;QUILOIDE Blanco &lt;br /&gt;opaco  &gt; 2.5 &lt;br /&gt;&gt; 1.017 Variable Agudo, pequeña &lt;br /&gt;cantidad de &lt;br /&gt;linfocitos &lt;br /&gt;Crónico población &lt;br /&gt;mixta &lt;br /&gt;NEOPLASICO Amarillo &lt;br /&gt;claro a &lt;br /&gt;apricot y &lt;br /&gt;coagula &lt;br /&gt;&gt; 2.5 &gt; 1.017 Variable  Mesotelio reactivo, &lt;br /&gt;células neoplasicas &lt;br /&gt;HEMORRAGICO Rosado a &lt;br /&gt;rojo, &lt;br /&gt;coagula &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&gt; 3.0 &gt; 1.025 &gt; 1000 Eritrocitos, VGA &lt;br /&gt;similar al vascular, &lt;br /&gt;macrofagos con &lt;br /&gt;eritrofagocitosis &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;REFERENCIAS &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;- BARTGES, J. 2004. Pleural Efusión. In: proccedings of North American &lt;br /&gt;Veterinary Conference. Orlando – florida, USA. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;- KERINS, A. And Brethnach, R. 2004. The Respiratory System. In: Chandler, &lt;br /&gt;E. And Gaskell, C. 2004. Feline Medicine and Therapeutics. Blackwell Publishing. &lt;br /&gt;Oxford- UK. P. 325 – 344. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;- SHELLY S. 2001. Body cavity fluids. In: Raskin, r. and Meyer, d. 2001. Atlas &lt;br /&gt;of canine and feline cytology . Saunders. Philadelphia – USA. p.187 – 205.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-7203765059552593029?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/7203765059552593029/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=7203765059552593029' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7203765059552593029'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7203765059552593029'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/03/efusiones-felinas.html' title='EFUSIONES FELINAS'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-468755276416545193</id><published>2009-03-18T22:41:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.922-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Citologia General Veterinaria</title><content type='html'>Check out this SlideShare Presentation: &lt;div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_1166183"&gt;&lt;a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/doctorapaulina/citologia-general-veterinaria?type=powerpoint" title="Citologia General 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title='patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-7420047142851068420</id><published>2009-03-10T19:39:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:40:13.907-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Pagina de casos clinicos.</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.medvet.umontreal.ca/clinpath/choice.htm"&gt;Casos clinicos de todas las especies, con examenes, hallazgos, etc etc etc, rica para practicar.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-7420047142851068420?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/7420047142851068420/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=7420047142851068420' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7420047142851068420'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7420047142851068420'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/03/pagina-de-casos-clinicos.html' title='Pagina de casos clinicos.'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-8597022707581843200</id><published>2009-02-22T21:21:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.935-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Perfiles metabolicos en Bovinos</title><content type='html'>algo sobre &lt;a href="http://www.fmvz.unam.mx/bovinotecnia/BtRgCliG005.pdf"&gt;bioquimica&lt;/a&gt; en bovinos&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-8597022707581843200?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/8597022707581843200/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=8597022707581843200' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8597022707581843200'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8597022707581843200'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/10/perfiles-metabolicos-en-bovinos_16.html' title='Perfiles metabolicos en Bovinos'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-8081531581515503461</id><published>2009-02-16T18:08:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-08-02T15:32:12.886-05:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;!-- Begin Shinystat Free code --&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="http://codice.shinystat.com/cgi-bin/getcod.cgi?USER=doctorapaulina"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.shinystat.com" target="_top"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.shinystat.com/cgi-bin/shinystat.cgi?USER=doctorapaulina" alt="Blog counter" border="0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!-- End Shinystat Free code --&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-8081531581515503461?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/8081531581515503461/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=8081531581515503461' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8081531581515503461'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8081531581515503461'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/09/blog-counter.html' title=''/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-8048320467710464567</id><published>2009-02-08T20:17:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.937-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Urinalysis</title><content type='html'>&lt;base href="http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/courses_vm546/content_links/Clinical_Pathology/Lab_Tests/urinalysis.htm"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;br class="webkit-block-placeholder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div align="center"&gt;   &lt;center&gt;   &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="46%"&gt;     &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;       &lt;td width="32%"&gt;         &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.open2.net/science/hollywood_science/shang_pics/urine.jpg"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../../DfDx/Calf%20Case%202a/urine.jpg" width="166" height="189"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;td width="68%"&gt;         &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Comic Sans MS" size="5"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Urinalysis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;hr color="#808080"&gt;  &lt;div align="center"&gt;   &lt;center&gt;   &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%"&gt;     &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;       &lt;td width="62%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Indications for performing this test:&lt;/b&gt; This test is often part of an initial data base for case work up of a clinically ill patient.&amp;nbsp; It is a very useful indicator of renal function, and should be performed on any animal suspected to have renal disease or urinary tract pathology.&amp;nbsp; A urinalysis should accompany a screening chemical panel for complete interpretation of the serum chemistries.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;       &lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Urinalysis is indicated in         animals that have renal disease on their differentials list.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;a name="Collection"&gt;Collection&lt;/a&gt; for analysis:&lt;/b&gt; There are several different methods of collection for urinalysis and each has its benefits and draw backs. Collection methods will often be dictated by the information that you are looking to gather.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;   &lt;li&gt;     &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; &lt;font color="#800000"&gt; Midstream:&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;     This collection method is often easiest for the animal but can be quite difficult for the collector.&amp;nbsp;     Collection is made into a container directly from the patient.&amp;nbsp; This collection method will obviously contain contamination from the urethra and is therefore inadequate in the assessment of an upper urinary tract infection. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;   &lt;li&gt;     &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;  &lt;font color="#800000"&gt;Manual Expression:&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;     This collection method is most often performed on small dogs and cats.&amp;nbsp; It is sometimes difficult, and can result in trauma in the form of red blood cells in the urine.&amp;nbsp; This method will also contain contamination from the lower urinary tract. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;   &lt;li&gt;     &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;  &lt;font color="#800000"&gt;Catheterization:&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;     This test can be used on male dogs for the assessment of urethral patentcy and upper urinary tract infection.&amp;nbsp;     This method often results in iatrogenic presence of red blood cells in the urine. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;   &lt;li&gt;     &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;  &lt;font color="#800000"&gt;Cystocentesis:&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;     This method requires penetration of the bladder through the body wall and can be accompanied by minimal bleeding. This is the best way to analyze the upper urinary tract for infection.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;center&gt;  &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="98%"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="50%"&gt;       &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/catheriterization.jpg" width="337" height="216"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="50%"&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/cysto4.jpg" width="315" height="219"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Urethral catheterization being performed on a male dog.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" valign="top" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Cystocentesis being performed on a male dog.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;b&gt;The &lt;a name="test"&gt;Test&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt; The test is performed using a &lt;a href="../Lab_Test_Images/dipstickpic.htm" target="_self"&gt;commercial dip stick&lt;/a&gt; to analyze most of the following parameters.&amp;nbsp; Sedimentation is evaluated microscopically.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table border="1" width="100%" bordercolorlight="#800000" bordercolordark="#808080"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Volume" target="_self"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Volume&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Color" target="_self"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Color&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Turbidity" target="_self"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Turbidity&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Odor" target="_self"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Odor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Specific Gravity" target="_self"&gt;Specific&lt;br&gt;     Gravity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Sedimentation" target="_self"&gt;Sediment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#pH" target="_self"&gt;pH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Glucose" target="_self"&gt;Glucose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;     &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Ketones" target="_self"&gt;Ketones&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;     &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Bilirubin" target="_self"&gt;Bilirubin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;     &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Blood" target="_self"&gt;Blood&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;     &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="25%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#Protein" target="_self"&gt;Protein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;     &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;hr size="1" color="#800000"&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name="Volume"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" color="#800000"&gt;Volume&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; While it is difficult to evaluate volume based on a single sample, it is possible to do a 24 hour collection of urine to assess total urine production.&amp;nbsp; Normal 24 urine production for &lt;b&gt; dogs&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt; cats&lt;/b&gt; is 20-44 ml/kg.&amp;nbsp; An average sized saddle &lt;b&gt; horse&lt;/b&gt; may produce between 5 and 15 L of urine in 24 hours.&amp;nbsp; An increase in this volume is termed polyuria and may be due to physiological, pharmacological or pathological causes.&amp;nbsp; Decreased urine volume is called oliguria, and occurs in dehydration, renal failure, or urinary blockages.&amp;nbsp; No urine is called anuria, and is an emergency condition that may be due to renal failure, urinary blockage or ruptured bladder.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.smw.ch/images/coupoeil/127-07-268-01.jpg"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../../DfDx/Calf%20Case%202a/urine_2.jpg" width="144" height="239"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font size="2" face="Arial"&gt;Keeping the urine in a calibrated container will&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; aid in determining the 24 hour volume.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;&lt;br&gt; Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr size="1" color="#800000"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name="Color"&gt;&lt;font color="#800000" face="Arial"&gt;Color&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;center&gt;  &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="90%"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="40%"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/hematuria.jpg" width="224" height="334"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="60%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Urine color will vary between species, but it is     normally some shade of yellow depending on the concentration.&amp;nbsp; Abnormal color changes     in the urine could be due to drugs, increased urinary pigments or red blood cells.&amp;nbsp;     Red to reddish-brown could be due to either hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or     myoglobinuria.&amp;nbsp; Yellow-green to yellow-brown is associated with bilirubinuria.&amp;nbsp;       Occasionally, unusual colors may be caused by dyes associated with food or drugs.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Pictured at left is a urine sample exhibiting hematuria.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr size="1" color="#800000"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name="Turbidity"&gt;&lt;font color="#800000"&gt;Turbidity&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; Urine is normally transparent in most animals, except for the &lt;b&gt;horse&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The horse has a thick viscous urine that is cloudy on examination.&amp;nbsp; In &lt;b&gt; small animals&lt;/b&gt;, turbidity suggests the presence of cells, casts, or crystals.&amp;nbsp; Often refrigeration will propagate the sedimentation of crystals in the urine, producing a cloudy appearance.&amp;nbsp; This is usually of no significance.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;center&gt;  &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="56%" height="206"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="43%" height="200"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/turbidity.jpg" width="142" height="205"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="57%" height="200"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Here are two urine samples.&amp;nbsp;      The sample on the left is exhibiting turbidity.&amp;nbsp; The sample on the      right is a normal color and clarity for canine urine.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr size="1" color="#800000"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name="Odor"&gt;&lt;font color="#800000"&gt;Odor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Urine has a characteristic smell that varies slightly by species and concentration of the sample.&amp;nbsp; A particularily foul odor may occur in the presence of bacteria. Thus, strong smelling urine is common in cases of cystitis.&amp;nbsp; Ketonuria produces a very sweet smell as does glucosuria.&amp;nbsp; Sweet smelling urine is commonly associated with acetonemia, pregnancy toxemia, and diabetes mellitus.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="sammy-nose-night.jpg" width="185" height="187"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font size="2" face="Arial"&gt;Do you smell that?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr size="1" color="#800000"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color="#800000"&gt;&lt;a name="Specific Gravity"&gt;Specific Gravity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Specific gravity measures the concentrating ability of the kidney tubules.&amp;nbsp; It is the ratio of the weight of urine to the weight of an equal volume of water.&amp;nbsp; Normal values range from 1.001-1.060 in most of our domestic animals.&amp;nbsp; If the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine the specific gravity will approach that of the glomerular filtrate, at 1.010.&amp;nbsp; Hydration status will be reflected in urine specific gravity, therefore do not base profound observations of the renal concentrating ability on one specific gravity result.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;center&gt;  &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="64%"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="44%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/refractometer.jpg" width="250" height="167"&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="56%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;This is a refractometer used to measure urine specific     gravity.&amp;nbsp; A small drop of the urine sample is placed under the glass slide on the top     of the scope, and the measurement is made by looking through the eye piece to read the       value indicated.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;table border="1" width="100%" bordercolorlight="#800000" bordercolordark="#000080" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="23%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&gt;1.030&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="77%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;In &lt;b&gt;dogs&lt;/b&gt;, a specific gravity this high indicates a     normal concentrating ability, or perhaps dehydration.&amp;nbsp; However, in &lt;b&gt;cats&lt;/b&gt;, a specific     gravity of this magnitude may accompany renal disease.&amp;nbsp; To rule out renal disease in       &lt;b&gt; cats&lt;/b&gt;     with concentrated urine, measure BUN and creatinine.&amp;nbsp; If those values are in the normal     range, you can likely rule out renal disease. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="23%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.013-1.030&lt;br&gt;     &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="77%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;In &lt;b&gt; dogs&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt; cats&lt;/b&gt; without evidence of azotemia, this       specific gravity is considered normal.&amp;nbsp; If dehydration is suspected, values in this range may indicate     abnormal concentrating ability, and further investigation in renal function should be     made.     &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="23%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.008-1.012&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="77%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Urine specific gravity in this range is considered to     be isosthenuric, meaning that is has not been concentrated in the tubules and is the same     specific gravity as plasma.&amp;nbsp; A water deprivation test may provide more information into the     animal's concentrating ability.     &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="23%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1.008&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="77%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Urine specific gravity in this range is termed,     hyposthenuric, indicating the kidney's ability to dilute urine if necessary.&amp;nbsp;       In an animal     with a need to diurese, this should be considered normal.&amp;nbsp; However, in an animal that     should be conserving water, this is highly indicative of renal disease.     &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr color="#800000" size="1"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color="#800000"&gt;&lt;a name="pH"&gt;pH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;div align="center"&gt;   &lt;center&gt;   &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="92%"&gt;     &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;       &lt;td width="72%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Urine pH will be affected by many things including the diet, handling of the sample, and acid-base balance of the animal.&amp;nbsp; An alkaline pH is most indicative of an infectious process.&amp;nbsp; Normal pH is between 6 and 8 for most animals depending on their         diet. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;td width="28%"&gt;         &lt;p align="center"&gt;         &lt;a href="http://www.rawhealth.net/images/pHpaper.jpg"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../../DfDx/Calf%20Case%202a/pHpaper.jpg" width="150" height="150"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;table border="1" width="100%" bordercolor="#800000" bordercolorlight="#800000" bordercolordark="#000080" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="18%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;pH&amp;lt; 7.1&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="82%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;pH in this range may be considered either acidic or     normal.&amp;nbsp; Carnivores who eat infrequently generally have a more acidic pH.&amp;nbsp;       If the pH drops     below 6, then systemic acidosis should be considered.&amp;nbsp; Other causes include: acidifying     drugs, increased protein catabolism, and paradoxical aciduria associated with chloride and     potassium depletion. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="18%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;pH&gt; 7.0&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="82%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;Alkaline urine is produced postprandially and in     urinary tract infections with Staphylococcus or Proteus spp.&amp;nbsp; Alkaline urine is also common     with renal tubular acidosis. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr color="#800000" size="1"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;font color="#800000"&gt;&lt;a name="Glucose"&gt;Glucose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the normal animal there should not be glucose in the urine.&amp;nbsp; If glucose is present, it is a classic response to hyperglycemia and should instigate an investigation into the possibility of diabetes in the patient.&amp;nbsp; However, glucosuria can also occur without hyperglycemia.&amp;nbsp; In these cases, it is due to a failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb the filtered glucose.&amp;nbsp; A common associated finding with proximal renal tubular dysfunction is proteinuria.&amp;nbsp; Proximal tubular dysfunction may be acquired or congenital as in some breeds of &lt;b&gt;dogs&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Return to top&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr color="#800000" size="1"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;font color="#800000"&gt;&lt;a name="Ketones"&gt;Ketones&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the normal animal there will be no ketones in the urine.&amp;nbsp; An animal that is undergoing fat metabolism or is deficient in carbohydrates will have ketones in the urine.&amp;nbsp; Slight ketonuria should be expected in malnourished animals.&amp;nbsp; A ketonuria also frequently accompanies diabetes mellitus.&amp;nbsp; Ketonuria&amp;nbsp; will often precede detectable ketonemia. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/labtest7.html"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../../DfDx/Calf%20Case%202a/urine_dip_stick.jpg" width="137" height="215"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Ketonuria can be detected with a simple U/A strip.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Return to top&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr color="#800000" size="1"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;font color="#800000"&gt;&lt;a name="Bilirubin"&gt;Bilirubin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Bilirubinuria is caused by conjugated bilirubin, as unconjugated bilirubin does not filter through the glomerulus.&amp;nbsp; Increased concentrations of conjugated bilirubin may be due to biliary obstruction, cholestasis, or increased production secondary to hemolysis.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&amp;nbsp; Bilirubin levels in urine should be considered with urine specific gravity.&amp;nbsp; A very concentrated urine with a trace of bilirubin carries much less significance than a dilute urine with some measure of bilirubin.&amp;nbsp; Especially with concentrated urine, normal DOGS commonly have detectable bilirubin in their urine, but large amounts should not be present.&amp;nbsp; Unlike dogs, bilirubinuria in CATS is always significant.&amp;nbsp; However, bilirubinuria usually occurs in cats at about the same time that jaundice becomes apparent, so it is less valuable as a screening test.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&amp;nbsp; Remember that bilirubinuria can occur with hemolytic disease, possibly via a "regurgitation" mechanism by which excessive unconjugated bilirubin presented to the liver is conjugated and then spilled into the systemic circulation as a result of saturated canalicular secretion.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr size="1" color="#800000"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;font color="#800000"&gt;&lt;a name="Blood"&gt;Blood&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There should not be any blood in the urine of a normal animal.&amp;nbsp; Most test strips cannot differentiate between red blood cells, hemoglobin, or myoglobin, thus some care should be taken in interpretation.&amp;nbsp; To determine which of these components is present, an examination of the serum should be made.&amp;nbsp; If the serum is not red, it is unlikely to be due to hemoglobinemia.&amp;nbsp; Myoglobinemia is rare in &lt;b&gt; dogs&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt; cats&lt;/b&gt; and should be accompanied by a clear serum and evidence of muscle trauma or disease.&amp;nbsp; Hematuria is also evaluated in urine sedimentation microscopically and is reported as cells per high power field (or HPF).&amp;nbsp; Remember that collection methods may also cause blood to appear in the urine. Other causes of hematuria include infection, neoplasia, or trauma. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;a name="figure 1"&gt; &lt;img alt="Photo" src="1143_f1.jpg" border="0" width="250" height="167"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font size="2" face="Arial"&gt;Red blood cells present in a urine sample&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr size="1" color="#800000"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;font color="#800000"&gt;&lt;a name="Protein"&gt;Protein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p align="left" style="margin-left: 40; margin-right: 40"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Protein in the urine is a difficult assessment to make.&amp;nbsp; It is a qualitative measurement rather than a quantitative measurement, and interpretation can vary between technicians.&amp;nbsp; Protein should always be evaluated with knowledge of urine specific gravity.&amp;nbsp; Concentrated &lt;b&gt; dog&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt; cat&lt;/b&gt; urine can contain small amounts of proteins.&amp;nbsp; Proteinuria is always more significant in dilute urine.&amp;nbsp; In significantly dilute urine, false negatives are possible.&amp;nbsp; False positives for protein can occur in alkaline urine.&amp;nbsp; In these cases, the sulfosalicylic acid test should be performed.&amp;nbsp; The most accurate determination of proteinuria is the protein:creatinine ratio.&amp;nbsp; Tubular concentration of urine increases the urinary protein and urinary creatinine concentrations equally so that the ratio remains constant whether the urine is concentrated or dilute.&amp;nbsp; This ratio is normally less than 1. Proteinuria can be caused by inflammation, hemorrhage, or protein losing nephropathies.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;hr size="1" color="#800000"&gt;  &lt;h3 align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;font color="#800000"&gt;&lt;a name="Sedimentation"&gt;Sediment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Urine sedimentation may contain cells, casts and crystals and is examined microscopically after centrifugation of a urine sample.&amp;nbsp; A very small amount of all of the above sediments is normal.&amp;nbsp; Concern begins when any of these components is significantly elevated.&amp;nbsp; There are many different crystals, cell types, and casts that may be found in the urine of animals, and it varies from species to species.&amp;nbsp; Listed below are some common findings in the urine of small animals. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;table border="1" width="100%" bordercolor="#800000" bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#000080" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="17%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Red &amp;amp; white blood cells&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="83%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Less than 5 cells per high power field is     considered normal.&amp;nbsp; Any more than that in an animal other than a proestral bitch is     considered abnormal.&amp;nbsp; Causes of hematuria and/or pyuria include: trauma,     uroliths, infection, neoplasia, parasites and coagulopathies.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="17%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Epithelial Cells&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="83%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Epithelial cells are occasionally shed from     the urethra, renal tubules, and bladder and are voided with the urine.&amp;nbsp; Large clusters     of epithelial cells are indicative of a transitional cell carcinoma.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="17%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Bacteria&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="83%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;The normal flora of the lower urinary tract     may be shed with a voided sample.&amp;nbsp; If urinary tract infection is suspected, a more     sterile collection procedure should be used.&amp;nbsp; Bacteria are not reliably seen until     numbers reach 100,000/ml.&amp;nbsp; Even then, it is difficult to correlate to an     infection.&amp;nbsp; Culturing the urine is the best method for establishing whether or not an     infection is present.&amp;nbsp; Common infectious agents of cystitis include:&amp;nbsp; E. coli,     staphylococci, streptococci, and Proteus spp.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="17%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;&lt;a name="Casts"&gt;Casts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="83%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Casts represent the normal turnover of tubular     epithelial cells and are considered normal.&amp;nbsp; However, large numbers of casts of     either granular or hyaline types are considered abnormal.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Increased granular casts     are indicative of renal tubular cell injury due to many different causes.&amp;nbsp; Increased     hyaline casts are most often the result of glomerular proteinuria.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="17%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Crystals&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="83%"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Crystals may be considered normal or abnormal     depending on the type and the species involved.&amp;nbsp; In small animals, calcium oxalate     dihydrate crystals and hippurate crystals suggest ethylene glycol toxicity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;center&gt;  &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="98%" height="604"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" height="244"&gt;       &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/caox.jpg" width="332" height="237"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" height="244"&gt;       &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/caox2.jpg" width="300" height="242"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" height="38" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Pictured above are Calcium Oxalate crystals.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" height="38" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;These are also Calcium Oxalate crystals in a slightly     different configuration.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" height="8"&gt;       &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/cast4.jpg" width="300" height="265"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" height="8"&gt;       &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/casts5.jpg" width="312" height="266"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" height="38" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Casts may appear in many different shapes and forms.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="50%" valign="top" height="38" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;These two pictures (above       right and left) are both of tubular casts.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div align="center"&gt;   &lt;center&gt;   &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="45%"&gt;     &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;       &lt;td width="100%"&gt;         &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="../Lab_Test_Images/struv.jpg" width="300" height="217"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;       &lt;td width="100%" align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="2"&gt;Struvite crystals&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="#test" target="_self"&gt;&lt;br&gt; Return to top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt; For more information . . .&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;   &lt;li&gt;     &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Veterinary Laboratory Medicine&lt;/u&gt;. Duncan, Prasse, and Mahaffey page 162-174.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;     &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, Interpretation &amp;amp;     Diagnosis&lt;/u&gt;. Meyer &amp;amp; Harvey, pages 221-232.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;     &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Manual of Small Animal Internal     Medicine&lt;/u&gt;. Nelson and Couto, page 311.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;     &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Small Animal Medical Diagnosis&lt;/u&gt;. Lorenz and Cornelius, pages 590-599. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;br class="webkit-block-placeholder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-8048320467710464567?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/8048320467710464567/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=8048320467710464567' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8048320467710464567'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8048320467710464567'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/02/urinalysis.html' title='Urinalysis'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-6485073202683703004</id><published>2009-02-05T21:15:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:26:01.764-05:00</updated><title type='text'>analisis de hemogramas</title><content type='html'>Hematologia, analisis de hemogramas, &lt;a href="http://docs.google.com/a/playalinda.net/fileview?id=F.26e7c1cb-1c22-4786-a1f5-f15a584d0d17&amp;amp;hl=es"&gt;otro articulo mas completo y hecho por mi.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-6485073202683703004?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/6485073202683703004/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=6485073202683703004' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6485073202683703004'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6485073202683703004'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2009/02/analisis-de-hemogramas.html' title='analisis de hemogramas'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-7474406773504930134</id><published>2009-02-03T21:10:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.945-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Normas de Bioseguridad del Laboratorio.</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SIqLAgMK0wI/AAAAAAAAANk/5Vs0ZFAozSs/s1600-h/biosecurity.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SIqLAgMK0wI/AAAAAAAAANk/5Vs0ZFAozSs/s200/biosecurity.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5227143158274118402" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.unicolmayor.edu.co/virtual/bacteriologia/bio_virtual/index.htm"&gt;Manual de Bioseguridad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;En esta pagina, en el punto 6, donde dice contenido hay un link directo a las normas de un laboratorio. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Este tema es de sentido común. no se va a evaluar, pero se va a tener en cuenta que lo han leído por que lo harán evidente en cada uno de sus actos. el no acato de las normas es un riesgo para su salud, no para la mía.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-7474406773504930134?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/7474406773504930134/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=7474406773504930134' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7474406773504930134'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7474406773504930134'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/07/normas-de-bioseguridad-del-laboratorio.html' title='Normas de Bioseguridad del Laboratorio.'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SIqLAgMK0wI/AAAAAAAAANk/5Vs0ZFAozSs/s72-c/biosecurity.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-1211447669431027653</id><published>2009-02-02T13:58:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.947-05:00</updated><title type='text'>segunda clase</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); text-decoration: underline;"&gt;segunda clase de Patologia clinica, &lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/secret/bEOW2sfzw9G5Aa"&gt;HEMATOLOGIA BASICA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-1211447669431027653?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/1211447669431027653/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=1211447669431027653' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1211447669431027653'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1211447669431027653'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/segunda-clase.html' title='segunda clase'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-7280005426217365359</id><published>2009-02-01T23:37:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:28:08.949-05:00</updated><title type='text'>PRIMERA CLASE febrero 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="  line-height: 16px; font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Página web en que encontraran la primera clase de patologia clinica. de alli pueden salir muchas dudas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 16px; font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="  line-height: 16px; font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;a class="blue_link_normal" href="http://www.slideshare.net/secret/3lns4AG6JbvnUP" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 204); "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;http://www.slideshare.net/secret/3lns4AG6JbvnUP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-7280005426217365359?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/7280005426217365359/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=7280005426217365359' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7280005426217365359'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7280005426217365359'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/primera-clase.html' title='PRIMERA CLASE febrero 2'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-6184694390376461114</id><published>2008-11-10T19:32:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:29:18.754-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Clase noviembre 10 de 2008</title><content type='html'>Primera parte de c&lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/secret/DVvbQFFClnH64"&gt;oagulacion y hemostasia.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-6184694390376461114?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/6184694390376461114/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=6184694390376461114' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6184694390376461114'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6184694390376461114'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/11/clase-noviembre-10-de-2008.html' title='Clase noviembre 10 de 2008'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-1863537930565342265</id><published>2008-11-02T13:51:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:29:18.755-05:00</updated><title type='text'>clase de quimica clinica</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/secret/2oZLaXeCB04Bgr"&gt;enlace&lt;/a&gt; a slideshare para la clase de quimica sanguinea&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-1863537930565342265?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/1863537930565342265/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=1863537930565342265' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1863537930565342265'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1863537930565342265'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/11/clase-de-quimica-clinica.html' title='clase de quimica clinica'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-8096998392575619838</id><published>2008-10-16T23:04:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T19:21:06.292-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Y para entretenerse</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.wonderhowto.com/pets-animals/"&gt;Esta pagina&lt;/a&gt; es tipo you tube, pero enseñan a hacer cosas variadas, no solo muestrear, sino cosas absolutamente inutiles como enseñar un raton a jugar basket ball etc.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-8096998392575619838?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/8096998392575619838/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=8096998392575619838' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8096998392575619838'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/8096998392575619838'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/10/y-para-entretenerse.html' title='Y para entretenerse'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-7768765642463340312</id><published>2008-10-16T23:01:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T19:18:32.239-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Toma de sangre bovino</title><content type='html'>Como se toma &lt;a href="http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to/video/how-to-collect-blood-from-the-jugular-vein-of-a-cow-221504/"&gt;muestra de sangre en bovino&lt;/a&gt; de la yugular.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-7768765642463340312?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/7768765642463340312/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=7768765642463340312' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7768765642463340312'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7768765642463340312'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/10/toma-de-sangre-bovino.html' title='Toma de sangre bovino'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-4098614829482955803</id><published>2008-10-16T23:00:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2009-02-16T20:28:33.030-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Cateterizacion bovino hembra</title><content type='html'>C&lt;a href="http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to/video/how-to-insert-a-catheter-into-a-cow-for-a-urine-sample-221492/"&gt;omo insertar un cateter &lt;/a&gt;para muestra de orina bovino hembra&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-4098614829482955803?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/4098614829482955803/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=4098614829482955803' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4098614829482955803'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4098614829482955803'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/10/cateterizacion-bovino-hembra.html' title='Cateterizacion bovino hembra'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-1686502857969868982</id><published>2008-10-16T22:58:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2009-02-16T20:28:33.031-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Toma de muestra de Orina Bovina</title><content type='html'>Instrucciones de como &lt;a href="http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to/video/how-to-collect-a-cow-s-urine-sample-for-veterinary-purposes-221493/"&gt;tomar adecuadamente la muestra de orina en Bovino Hembra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-1686502857969868982?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/1686502857969868982/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=1686502857969868982' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1686502857969868982'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1686502857969868982'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/10/toma-de-muestra-de-orina-bovina.html' title='Toma de muestra de Orina Bovina'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-7491893955474923888</id><published>2008-10-16T22:54:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T19:18:47.632-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Toma de muestra de sangre canina</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to/video/how-to-collect-a-dog-s-blood-sample-for-veterinary-purposes-221495/"&gt;toma de sangre&lt;/a&gt; en un canino&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-7491893955474923888?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/7491893955474923888/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=7491893955474923888' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7491893955474923888'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/7491893955474923888'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/10/toma-de-muestra-de-sangre-canina_16.html' title='Toma de muestra de sangre canina'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-4654367218931010964</id><published>2008-10-16T22:33:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:29:18.757-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Clase del 15 de Oct</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/secret/pxtbfg9iDjIl3W"&gt;Clase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-4654367218931010964?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/4654367218931010964/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=4654367218931010964' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4654367218931010964'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4654367218931010964'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/10/clase-del-15-de-oct.html' title='Clase del 15 de Oct'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-1296882831238115888</id><published>2008-10-16T22:06:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:29:18.832-05:00</updated><title type='text'>perfiles renales</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2008&amp;amp;PID=23947&amp;amp;O=Generic"&gt;http://www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2008&amp;amp;PID=23947&amp;amp;O=Generic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-1296882831238115888?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/1296882831238115888/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=1296882831238115888' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1296882831238115888'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1296882831238115888'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/10/perfiles-renales.html' title='perfiles renales'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-6117159005365117657</id><published>2008-08-19T20:28:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:27:09.821-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Quieren en español?</title><content type='html'>Acá va algo de español, es una pagina web bastante buena, lean lo que les interese.&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.vet-uy.com/articulos/laboratorio/index_lab.htm"&gt;VET UY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-6117159005365117657?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/6117159005365117657/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=6117159005365117657' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6117159005365117657'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/6117159005365117657'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/quieren-en-espaol.html' title='Quieren en español?'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-5254102043395140906</id><published>2008-08-19T20:25:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T19:19:31.875-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Toma y envio de muestras</title><content type='html'>Articulo en español sobre &lt;a href="http://www.laboratorioslife.com/toma_muestras.htm#tecnicas"&gt;toma y envio de muestras veterinarias&lt;/a&gt; Muy basico, bastante completo, estos articulos son tan inutiles como leer las instrucciones de un celular. es mejor hacer que leer.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-5254102043395140906?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/5254102043395140906/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=5254102043395140906' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/5254102043395140906'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/5254102043395140906'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/toma-y-envio-de-muestras.html' title='Toma y envio de muestras'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-2562814933664774524</id><published>2008-08-19T20:23:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:27:09.823-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Plaquetas</title><content type='html'>Texto sobre &lt;a href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/150215.htm"&gt;plaquetas&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-2562814933664774524?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/2562814933664774524/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=2562814933664774524' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2562814933664774524'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2562814933664774524'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/plaquetas.html' title='Plaquetas'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-1985960696066810624</id><published>2008-08-19T20:22:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:27:09.824-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Globulos blancos</title><content type='html'>texto sobre &lt;a href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/150214.htm"&gt;globulos blancos.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-1985960696066810624?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/1985960696066810624/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=1985960696066810624' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1985960696066810624'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/1985960696066810624'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/globulos-blancos.html' title='Globulos blancos'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-950158636481019317</id><published>2008-08-19T20:18:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:27:09.826-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Celulas rojas</title><content type='html'>A estudiar... &lt;a href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/150213.htm"&gt;globulos rojos&lt;/a&gt;. esta en ingles. si encuentran algo parecido en español, no importa lo importante es que cubran el mismo contenido.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-950158636481019317?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/950158636481019317/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=950158636481019317' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/950158636481019317'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/950158636481019317'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/celulas-rojas.html' title='Celulas rojas'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-4068301778782092584</id><published>2008-08-19T19:52:00.005-05:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T19:20:30.221-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Valores Hematologicos normales de animales domesticos</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SKtvoxuSJwI/AAAAAAAAARs/M770TEiBoaI/s1600-h/Vista+previa+de+%E2%80%9CHematologic+Reference+Ranges*%E2%80%9D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SKtvoxuSJwI/AAAAAAAAARs/M770TEiBoaI/s200/Vista+previa+de+%E2%80%9CHematologic+Reference+Ranges*%E2%80%9D.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5236401738081249026" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tabla de Valores normales de hematologia en animales domesticos.&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/ref_00.htm"&gt;En caso de no poder visualizar bien esta, entrar por este link.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-4068301778782092584?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/4068301778782092584/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=4068301778782092584' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4068301778782092584'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4068301778782092584'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/valores-hematologicos-normales-de.html' title='Valores Hematologicos normales de animales domesticos'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SKtvoxuSJwI/AAAAAAAAARs/M770TEiBoaI/s72-c/Vista+previa+de+%E2%80%9CHematologic+Reference+Ranges*%E2%80%9D.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-2983497700480057105</id><published>2008-08-19T19:27:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T19:20:30.222-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Valores hematologicos en caninos COLOMBIANOS SANOS</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.mundoveterinario.net/nueva/ensayos/hematologia.php"&gt;Este articulo de la UNAL  de Colombia es valioso por que es de los pocos que sacan valores normales de caninos en Colombia.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-2983497700480057105?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/2983497700480057105/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=2983497700480057105' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2983497700480057105'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/2983497700480057105'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/valores-hematologicos-en-caninos.html' title='Valores hematologicos en caninos COLOMBIANOS SANOS'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-4939585617224044546</id><published>2008-08-05T08:23:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:27:09.827-05:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://issuu.com/franciscoparis/docs/hemograma_parte_1"&gt;Lo mejor en hematologia, maual del dr. Rebar en analisis de hemogramas. un poco avanzado para los que no quieren trabajar en esto, pero siempre es bueno tenerlo a la mano para estudiar y para analizar resultados.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-4939585617224044546?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/4939585617224044546/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=4939585617224044546' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4939585617224044546'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4939585617224044546'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/lo-mejor-en-hematologia-maual-del-dr.html' title=''/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-343804855432856660</id><published>2008-08-05T08:08:00.005-05:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T19:20:54.917-05:00</updated><title type='text'>paginas sobre hematologia</title><content type='html'>l&lt;a href="http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/lms/moodle/mod/resource/index.php?id=32"&gt;es pongo una pagina web de la u de antioquia en que explican uno por uno los parametros hematologicos y mas cositas sobre hematologia.  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-343804855432856660?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/343804855432856660/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=343804855432856660' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/343804855432856660'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/343804855432856660'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/08/paginas-sobre-hematologia.html' title='paginas sobre hematologia'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-3896660997847007817</id><published>2008-07-31T21:29:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:27:09.829-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Clinical Pathology Resource Modules</title><content type='html'>&lt;base href="data:"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;br class="webkit-block-placeholder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/"&gt;http://diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;br class="webkit-block-placeholder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-3896660997847007817?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/3896660997847007817/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=3896660997847007817' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/3896660997847007817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/3896660997847007817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/07/clinical-pathology-resource-modules.html' title='Clinical Pathology Resource Modules'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8893016956149371546.post-4385202455432322025</id><published>2008-07-31T21:17:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-04T21:27:09.830-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Distance Learning - Clinical Pathology Lessons</title><content type='html'>&lt;base href="data:"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;br class="webkit-block-placeholder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.vetmed.auburn.edu/distance/clinpath/"&gt;http://www.vetmed.auburn.edu/distance/clinpath/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;br class="webkit-block-placeholder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8893016956149371546-4385202455432322025?l=patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/feeds/4385202455432322025/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8893016956149371546&amp;postID=4385202455432322025' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4385202455432322025'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8893016956149371546/posts/default/4385202455432322025'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://patologiaclinicavet.blogspot.com/2008/07/distance-learning-clinical-pathology.html' title='Distance Learning - Clinical Pathology Lessons'/><author><name>Maria Paulina Alvarez Serrano</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14237048952778358614</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TQ8ludV-O3s/SXO3j6SH70I/AAAAAAAAAU4/nJdoNq31oVc/S220/PAULINA+GUAP%C3%8DSIMA1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
